tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55002906675919180982024-03-25T12:09:18.678+06:00121 HEALTHAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-13024484464447228142014-01-15T06:56:00.000+06:002014-01-15T06:56:16.868+06:00Bleeding in the Digestive <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul>
<li>What are the signs of bleeding in the digestive tract?</li>
<li>What causes bleeding in the digestive tract?</li>
<li>How is bleeding in the digestive tract diagnosed?</li>
<li>How is bleeding in the digestive tract treated?</li>
<li>Points to Remember</li>
<li>Hope through Research</li>
<li>For More Information</li>
</ul>
Bleeding in the digestive tract is a symptom of a disease rather than
a disease itself. A number of different conditions can cause bleeding.
Most causes of bleeding are related to conditions that can be cured or
controlled, such as ulcers or hemorrhoids. Some causes of bleeding may
be life threatening.<br />
Locating the source of bleeding is important. Different conditions
cause bleeding in the upper digestive tract and the lower digestive
tract. The upper digestive tract includes the esophagus, stomach, and
upper portion of the small intestine, also called the duodenum. The
lower digestive tract includes the lower portion of the small intestine;
large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum; and anus.<br />
<img alt="Drawing of the digestive tract. The esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus are labeled. The colon is shaded." border="0" height="316" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/bleeding/images/Digestive-tract.jpg" width="288" /><br />
<span class="caption">The digestive tract</span>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="signs" name="signs"></a>
<h3>
What are the signs of bleeding in the digestive tract?</h3>
The signs of bleeding in the digestive tract depend on the site and severity of bleeding.<br />
Signs of bleeding in the upper digestive tract include<br />
<ul>
<li>bright red blood in vomit</li>
<li>vomit that looks like coffee grounds</li>
<li>black or tarry stool</li>
<li>dark blood mixed with stool</li>
<li>stool mixed or coated with bright red blood</li>
</ul>
Signs of bleeding in the lower digestive tract include<br />
<ul>
<li>black or tarry stool</li>
<li>dark blood mixed with stool</li>
<li>stool mixed or coated with bright red blood</li>
</ul>
Sudden, severe bleeding is called acute bleeding. If acute bleeding occurs, symptoms may include<br />
<ul>
<li>weakness</li>
<li>dizziness or faintness</li>
<li>shortness of breath</li>
<li>crampy abdominal pain</li>
<li>diarrhea</li>
<li>paleness</li>
</ul>
A person with acute bleeding may go into shock, experiencing a rapid
pulse, a drop in blood pressure, and difficulty producing urine.<br />
Light bleeding that continues for a long time or starts and stops is
called chronic bleeding. If bleeding is chronic, a person may notice
that fatigue, lethargy, and shortness of breath develop over time.
Chronic blood loss can also lead to anemia, a condition in which the
blood's iron-rich substance, hemoglobin, is diminished.<br />
A person may not notice a small amount of bleeding in the digestive
tract. This type of bleeding is called occult bleeding. Simple tests can
detect occult blood in the stool.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="causes" name="causes"></a>
<h3>
What causes bleeding in the digestive tract?</h3>
A variety of conditions can cause bleeding in the digestive tract.
Causes of bleeding in the upper digestive tract include the following:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Peptic ulcers.</strong> <em>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)</em>
infections and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are common causes of peptic
ulcers.</li>
<li><strong>Esophageal varices.</strong> Varices, or enlarged veins,
located at the lower end of the esophagus may rupture and bleed
massively. Cirrhosis is the most common cause of esophageal varices.</li>
<li><strong>Mallory-Weiss tears.</strong> These tears in the lining of
the esophagus usually result from vomiting. Increased pressure in the
abdomen from coughing, hiatal hernia, or childbirth can also cause
tears.</li>
<li><strong>Gastritis.</strong> NSAIDs and other drugs, infections,
Crohn's disease, illnesses, and injuries can cause
gastritis—inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the stomach.</li>
<li><strong>Esophagitis.</strong> Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
is the most common cause of esophagitis—inflammation and ulcers in the
lining of the esophagus. In GERD, the muscle between the esophagus and
stomach fails to close properly, allowing food and stomach juices to
flow back into the esophagus.</li>
<li><strong>Benign tumors and cancer.</strong> A benign tumor is an
abnormal tissue growth that is not cancerous. Benign tumors and cancer
in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum may cause bleeding.</li>
</ul>
Causes of bleeding in the lower digestive tract include the following:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Diverticular disease.</strong> This disease is caused by diverticula—pouches in the colon wall.</li>
<li><strong>Colitis.</strong> Infections, diseases such as Crohn's
disease, lack of blood flow to the colon, and radiation can cause
colitis—inflammation of the colon.</li>
<li><strong>Hemorrhoids or fissures.</strong> Hemorrhoids are enlarged
veins in the anus or rectum that can rupture and bleed. Fissures, or
ulcers, are cuts or tears in the anal area.</li>
<li><strong>Angiodysplasia.</strong> Aging causes angiodysplasia—abnormalities in the blood vessels of the intestine.</li>
<li><strong>Polyps or cancer.</strong> Benign growths or polyps in the
colon are common and may lead to cancer. Colorectal cancer is the third
most common cancer in the United States and often causes occult
bleeding.<sup>1</sup></li>
</ul>
<div class="small" id="1">
<sup style="text-decoration: none;">1</sup> Common cancer types. National Cancer Institute website. <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/commoncancers#1">www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/commoncancers#1</a>. Updated May 7, 2009. Accessed
October 26, 2009.</div>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="diagnosed" name="diagnosed"></a>
<h3>
How is bleeding in the digestive tract diagnosed?</h3>
The first step in diagnosing bleeding in the digestive tract is
locating the site of the bleeding. The doctor will take the patient's
complete medical history and perform a physical examination. Symptoms
such as changes in bowel habits, black or red stools, and pain or
tenderness in the abdomen may tell the doctor which area of the
digestive tract is bleeding.<br />
The doctor may need to test the stool for blood. Iron supplements,
bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), or certain foods such as beets can
give the stool the same appearance as bleeding from the digestive
tract. Stool tests can also show bleeding that is not visible to the
patient.<br />
A blood test can help determine the extent of the bleeding and whether the patient is anemic.<br />
Nasogastric lavage is a procedure that can be used to determine
whether the bleeding is in the upper or lower digestive tract. With
nasogastric lavage, a tube is inserted through the nose and into the
stomach. The contents of the stomach are removed through the tube. If
the stomach contains bile and does not contain blood, the bleeding
either has stopped or is likely in the lower digestive tract.<br />
<h4>
Endoscopy</h4>
Endoscopy is the most common method for
finding the source of bleeding in the digestive
tract. An endoscope is a flexible tube with a small camera on the end.
The doctor inserts the endoscope through the patient's mouth to view the
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This examination is called
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). An endoscope can also be inserted
through the rectum to view the colon. This procedure is called
colonoscopy. The doctor can use the endoscope to do a biopsy, which
involves collecting small samples of tissue for examination with a
microscope.<br />
Bleeding that cannot be found with endoscopy is called obscure
bleeding. The doctor may repeat the endoscopy or use other procedures to
find the cause of obscure bleeding.<br />
<h4>
Enteroscopy</h4>
Enteroscopy is an examination of the small intestine. Because
traditional endoscopes cannot reach the small intestine, special
endoscopes are used for enteroscopy.<br />
Enteroscopy procedures include<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Push enteroscopy.</strong> A long endoscope is used to examine the upper portion of the small intestine.</li>
<li><strong>Double-balloon enteroscopy.</strong> Balloons are mounted on the endoscope to help the endoscope move through the entire small intestine.</li>
<li><strong>Capsule endoscopy.</strong> The person swallows a capsule
containing a tiny camera. The camera transmits images to a video monitor
as the capsule passes through the digestive tract. This procedure is
designed to examine the small intestine, but it also allows the doctor
to examine the rest of the digestive tract.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Other Procedures</h4>
Several other methods can help locate the source of bleeding:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Barium x rays.</strong> Barium is a contrast material that
makes the digestive tract visible in an x ray. A liquid containing
barium is either swallowed or inserted into the rectum. Barium x rays
are less accurate than endoscopy and may interfere with other diagnostic
techniques.</li>
<li><strong>Radionuclide scanning.</strong> The doctor injects small
amounts of radioactive material into the person's vein. A special
camera, similar to an x-ray machine, can detect this radiation and
create images of blood flow in the digestive tract. Radionuclide
scanning is sensitive enough to detect very slow bleeding, but it is not
as accurate as other procedures.</li>
<li><strong>Angiography.</strong> A dye is injected into the person's
vein to make blood vessels visible in x-ray or computerized tomography
(CT) scans. Dye leaks out of the blood vessels at the bleeding site. In
some cases, the doctor can use angiography to inject medicine or other
material into blood vessels to try to stop the bleeding.</li>
<li><strong>Exploratory laparotomy.</strong> If other methods cannot
locate the source of the bleeding, a surgical procedure may be necessary
to examine the digestive tract.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="treated" name="treated"></a>
<h3>
How is bleeding in the digestive tract treated?</h3>
Endoscopy can be used to stop bleeding in the digestive tract. A doctor can insert tools through the endoscope to<br />
<ul>
<li>inject chemicals into the bleeding site</li>
<li>treat the bleeding site and surrounding tissue with a heat probe, electric current, or laser</li>
<li>close affected blood vessels with a band or clip</li>
</ul>
Endoscopy does not always control bleeding. Angiography can be used
to inject medicine or other material into blood vessels to control some
types of bleeding. If endoscopy and angiography do not work, the patient
may need other treatments or surgery to stop the bleeding.<br />
To prevent bleeding in the future, doctors can treat the conditions that cause bleeding, such as<br />
<ul>
<li><em>H. pylori</em> and other infections</li>
<li>GERD</li>
<li>ulcers</li>
<li>hemorrhoids</li>
<li>polyps</li>
<li>inflammatory bowel diseases</li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="points" name="points"></a>
<h3>
Points to Remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>Bleeding in the digestive tract is a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself.</li>
<li>A number of different conditions can cause bleeding in the digestive tract.</li>
<li>Finding the location and cause of the bleeding is important.</li>
<li>Most causes of bleeding can be
cured or controlled.</li>
<li>Endoscopy is the most common tool for diagnosing and treating bleeding in the digestive tract.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="hope" name="hope"></a>
<h3>
Hope through Research</h3>
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK) sponsors research to improve treatment for patients with
digestive diseases that cause bleeding in the digestive tract, including
diverticular disease, GERD, and inflammatory bowel diseases.<br />
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their
own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are
widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research.
For information about current studies, visit <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.ClinicalTrials.gov</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="info" name="info"></a>
<h3>
For More Information</h3>
<strong>American College of Gastroenterology</strong><br />
P.O. Box 342260<br />
Bethesda, MD 20827–2260<br />
Phone: 301–263–9000<br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.acg.gi.org/">www.acg.gi.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" title="" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>American Gastroenterological Association</strong><br />
National Office<br />
4930 Del Ray Avenue<br />
Bethesda, MD 20814<br />
Phone: 301–654–2055<br />
Fax: 301–654–5920<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:member@gastro.org">member@gastro.org</a>
<br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.gastro.org/">www.gastro.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-26970873046671787082014-01-09T07:20:00.003+06:002014-01-09T07:20:59.123+06:00Hepatitis B What Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Need to Know<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul>
<li>What is hepatitis B?</li>
<li>What is chronic hepatitis B?</li>
<li>Why are Asian and Pacific Islander Americans at higher risk?</li>
<li>What are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis B?</li>
<li>Who is at risk for hepatitis B?</li>
<li>How can I protect myself and others from hepatitis B?</li>
<li>How can I protect my baby from hepatitis B?</li>
<li>Where can I get more information about hepatitis B?</li>
</ul>
Did you know that Asian and Pacific Islander Americans and other
foreign-born Americans are at higher risk for chronic hepatitis B, which
can lead to liver failure and liver cancer?<br />
<h3 id="1">
What is hepatitis B?</h3>
Hepatitis B is a liver disease spread through contact with blood,
semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the hepatitis B
virus. The disease is most commonly spread from an infected mother to
her infant at birth. Hepatitis B is also spread through sex,
wound-to-wound contact, and contact with items that may have blood on
them, such as shaving razors, toothbrushes, syringes, and tattoo and
body piercing needles.<br />
Hepatitis B is not spread through casual contact such as shaking
hands or hugging; nor is it spread by sharing food or beverages, by
sneezing and coughing, or through breastfeeding.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="2">
What is chronic hepatitis B?</h3>
Hepatitis B may start as a brief, fl ulike illness. Most healthy
adults and children older than 5 completely recover after the body’s
immune system gets rid of the virus.<br />
Hepatitis B becomes chronic when the body’s immune system can’t get
rid of the virus. Over time, having the virus can lead to inflammation
of the liver; scar tissue in the liver, called cirrhosis; or liver
cancer. Inflammation is the painful red swelling that results when
tissues of the body become infected. Young children and people with
weakened immune systems are especially at risk. People who were infected
as infants have a 90 percent chance of developing chronic hepatitis B.<sup>1</sup><br />
<div class="note">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" style="text-decoration: none;"><sup>1</sup></a>Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE et al.
Recommendations for identification and public health
management of persons with chronic hepatitis B
virus infection. <em>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Recommendations and Reports.</em> 2008 September
19;57(RR–8):1–20.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="3">
Why are Asian and Pacific Islander
Americans at higher risk?</h3>
Since 1986, a hepatitis B vaccine has been available and should be
given to newborns and children in the United States. The vaccine,
however, is
unavailable—or has only recently become
available—in many parts of the world. You
are at higher risk for hepatitis B if you or
your mother was born in a region of the world where hepatitis B is
common, meaning
2 percent or more of the population is
chronically infected with the hepatitis B
virus.<sup>1</sup> In most Asian and Pacific Island
nations, 8 to 16 percent of the population is
chronically infected.<sup>2</sup><br />
<div class="note">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" style="text-decoration: none;"><sup>2</sup></a> Custer B, Sullivan SD, Hazlet TK, Iloeje U, Veenstra
DL, Kowdley KV. Global epidemiology of hepatitis
B virus. <em>Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.</em> 2004
November;38(10 Suppl 3):S158–S168.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="4">
What are the symptoms of chronic
hepatitis B?</h3>
Hepatitis B is called a “silent killer” because many people have no
symptoms, so the disease often progresses unnoticed for years.
Unfortunately, many people first learn they have chronic hepatitis B
when they develop symptoms of severe liver damage, which include<br />
<ul>
<li>yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice</li>
<li>a swollen stomach or ankles</li>
<li>tiredness</li>
<li>nausea</li>
<li>weakness</li>
<li>loss of appetite</li>
<li>weight loss</li>
<li>spiderlike blood vessels, called spider angiomas, that develop on the skin</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="5">
Who is at risk for hepatitis B?</h3>
Anyone can get hepatitis B, but some people are at higher risk, including<br />
<ul>
<li>people who were born to a mother with hepatitis B</li>
<li>people who have close household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis B virus</li>
<li>people who have lived in parts of the world where hepatitis B is common, including most Asian and Pacific Island nations</li>
<li>people who are exposed to blood or body fluids at work</li>
<li>people on hemodialysis</li>
<li>people whose sex partner(s) has hepatitis B</li>
<li>people who have had more than one sex partner in the last 6 months or have a history of sexually transmitted disease</li>
<li>injection drug users</li>
<li>men who have sex with men</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
May is Hepatitis Awareness Month and Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month</h3>
May
is Hepatitis Awareness Month and Asian American and Pacific Islander
Heritage Month. This year, CDC's Division of Viral Hepatitis is focusing
on raising awareness about hepatitis B among Asian Americans and
Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) and encouraging AAPIs to talk to their doctors
about getting tested for hepatitis B.<br />
<h3>
What should AAPIs know about Hepatitis B?</h3>
<br /><strong>Hepatitis B affects 1 in 12 Asians Americans and Pacific Islanders</strong><br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Photo: Family sitting on park bench" class="stroke righty" height="200" src="http://www.cdc.gov/features/aapihepatitisb/aapihepatitisb_a200px.jpg" width="200" /></a>Hepatitis
B is common in many parts of the world, with an estimated 350 million
people living with the disease worldwide. In the US, an estimated 1.2
million Americans are infected. However, hepatitis B disproportionately
affects Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders because it is especially
common in many Asian and Pacific Island countries. While AAPIs make up
less than 5% of the total U.S. population, they account for more than
50% of Americans living with chronic hepatitis B.<br />
<strong>Hepatitis B is serious</strong><br />
If
left untreated, up to 25 percent of people with hepatitis B develop
serious liver problems such as cirrhosis and even liver cancer. In the
US, chronic hepatitis B infection results in thousands of deaths per
year. Liver cancer caused by the hepatitis B virus is a leading cause of
cancer deaths among Asian Americans.<br />
<strong>As many as 2 in 3 Asian Americans with hepatitis B don't know they are infected</strong><br />
People
can live with hepatitis B without having any symptoms or feeling sick.
Many people with chronic hepatitis B got infected as infants or young
children. It is usually spread when someone comes into contact with
blood from someone who has the virus. As many as 2 in 3 AAPIs living
with the virus do not know they are infected. Often, people do not know
they have hepatitis B until they have been tested.<br />
<h3>
Who should get tested for Hepatitis B?</h3>
<ul>
<li>Anyone born in Asia or the Pacific Islands (except New Zealand and Australia)</li>
<li>Anyone
born in the United States, who was not vaccinated at birth, and has at
least one parent born in East or Southeast Asia (except Japan) or the
Pacific Islands (except New Zealand and Australia)</li>
</ul>
Hepatitis
B testing identifies people living with chronic hepatitis B so they can
get medical care to help prevent serious liver damage. Testing also
helps to find other people who may not have hepatitis B, but are at risk
for getting infected. This can include people living with someone with
hepatitis B.<br />
For more information, talk to a doctor about getting tested for Hepatitis B.<br />
<h3 id="6">
How can I protect myself and
others from hepatitis B?</h3>
Get tested if you are from an Asian or Pacific Island nation or other
region where the hepatitis B virus is common. The sooner you get
tested, the sooner you can take steps to protect yourself and others.<br />
A health care provider can test your blood to see if you are
currently infected or were infected in the past. If you test positive,
your doctor may measure virus and liver enzyme levels in your blood to
determine if the virus is active or causing liver injury. The doctor may
use ultrasound—a procedure that uses sound waves to create images of
the body's internal tissues and organs—to screen for liver cancer, also
called hepatocellular carcinoma. You may not need treatment right away,
but you will need periodic tests to monitor the health of your liver.
Encourage your family members and other close personal contacts to get
tested.<br />
Hepatitis B is preventable. Get vaccinated if you have not been
infected. The hepatitis B vaccine is given in three shots over 6 months.
You must get all three shots to be fully protected. The vaccine is safe
for people of all ages, including pregnant women and infants.<br />
If you think you have been recently exposed to the hepatitis B virus,
see your doctor right away. The first dose of hepatitis B vaccine
combined with hepatitis B immune globulin—an injection of antibodies
that temporarily protects against hepatitis B infection—may prevent
infection.<br />
No cure exists for hepatitis B, but several medicines are approved
for treating chronic hepatitis B. The goal of treatment is to reduce the
risk of liver damage, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer by decreasing
liver inflammation and the amount of virus in the body. Current
medicines do not completely get rid of the virus, so treatment is often
lifelong. People with chronic hepatitis B should avoid alcohol, drugs,
supplements, and herbal medicines that may harm the liver.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="7">
How can I protect my baby from
hepatitis B?</h3>
Getting tested for hepatitis B is especially important for pregnant
women. If you are not infected, get the vaccine. If you have hepatitis
B, make sure the doctor and staff that deliver your baby know so they
can minimize your baby’s risk of infection. The hepatitis B vaccine and
hepatitis B immune globulin should be given to your baby immediately
after birth, greatly reducing the chance of infection.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="8">
Where can I get more information about hepatitis B?</h3>
<strong>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</strong><br />
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention<br />
Division of Viral Hepatitis<br />
1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G–37<br />
Atlanta, GA 30333<br />
Phone: 1–800–232–4636<br />
TTY: 1–888–232–6348<br />
Fax: 404–718–8588<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:cdcinfo@cdc.gov">cdcinfo@cdc.gov</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis">www.cdc.gov/hepatitis</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-60986550246462321322014-01-08T06:55:00.003+06:002014-01-08T07:31:44.960+06:00Appendicitis Symptoms, Causes, Surgery, and Recovery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul>
<li>What is appendicitis?</li>
<li>What is the appendix?</li>
<li>What causes appendicitis?</li>
<li>Who gets appendicitis?</li>
<li>What are the symptoms of appendicitis?</li>
<li>How is appendicitis diagnosed?</li>
<li>How is appendicitis treated?</li>
<li>What are the complications and treatment of a burst appendix?</li>
<li>What if the surgeon finds a normal appendix?</li>
<li>Can appendicitis be treated without surgery?</li>
<li>What should people do if they think they have appendicitis?</li>
<li>Eating, Diet, and Nutrition</li>
<li>Points to Remember</li>
<li>Hope through Research</li>
<li>For More Information</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="what" name="what"></a>
<br />
<h3>
What is appendicitis?</h3>
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Appendicitis is the leading cause of emergency abdominal operations.<sup>1</sup><br />
<sup><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="1">1</a></sup>Spirt MJ. Complicated intra-abdominal infections: a focus on appendicitis and diverticulitis.<i></i><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="appendix" name="appendix"></a>
<br />
<h3>
What is the appendix?</h3>
The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine in
the lower right area of the abdomen, the area between the chest and
hips. The large intestine is part of the body’s gastrointestinal (GI)
tract. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined
in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The movement of
muscles in the GI tract, along with the release of hormones and enzymes,
helps digest food. The appendix does not appear to have a specific
function in the body, and removing it does not seem to affect a person’s
health.
<br />
The inside of the appendix is called the appendiceal lumen. Normally,
mucus created by the appendix travels through the appendiceal lumen and
empties into the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water from
stool and changes it from a liquid
to a solid form.
<br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt=" gastrointestinal tract." border="0" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/appendicitis/images/Appendicitis.jpg" height="324" title="" width="260" /></a><br />
<span class="caption">The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine in the lower right area of the abdomen.</span>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="cause" name="cause"></a>
<br />
<h3>
What causes appendicitis?</h3>
An obstruction, or blockage, of the
appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis.
Mucus backs up in the appendiceal lumen,
causing bacteria that normally live inside
the appendix to multiply. As a result, the
appendix swells and becomes infected.
Sources of blockage include<br />
<ul>
<li>stool, parasites, or growths that clog the appendiceal lumen</li>
<li>enlarged lymph tissue in the wall of the appendix, caused by infection in the
GI tract or elsewhere in the body</li>
<li>inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, long-lasting disorders that cause irritation and
ulcers in the GI tract</li>
<li>trauma to the abdomen</li>
</ul>
An inflamed appendix will likely burst if not removed.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="who" name="who"></a>
<br />
<h3>
Who gets appendicitis?</h3>
Anyone can get appendicitis, although it is more common among people 10 to 30 years old.<sup>1</sup><br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="symptoms" name="symptoms"></a>
<br />
<h3>
What are the symptoms of appendicitis?</h3>
The symptoms of appendicitis are typically easy for a health care
provider to diagnose. The most common symptom of appendicitis is
abdominal pain.<br />
Abdominal pain with appendicitis usually<br />
<ul>
<li>occurs suddenly, often waking a person at night <br />
</li>
<li>occurs before other symptoms</li>
<li>begins near the belly button and then moves lower and to the right</li>
<li>is unlike any pain felt before</li>
<li>gets worse in a matter of hours</li>
<li>gets worse when moving around, taking deep breaths, coughing, or sneezing</li>
</ul>
Other symptoms of appendicitis may include<br />
<ul>
<li>loss of appetite</li>
<li>nausea</li>
<li>vomiting</li>
<li>constipation or diarrhea</li>
<li>an inability to pass gas</li>
<li>a low-grade fever that follows other symptoms</li>
<li>abdominal swelling</li>
<li>the feeling that passing stool will relieve discomfort</li>
</ul>
Symptoms vary and can mimic the following conditions that cause abdominal pain:<br />
<ul>
<li>intestinal obstruction—a partial or total blockage in the intestine that prevents the flow of fluids or solids.</li>
<li>IBD.</li>
<li>pelvic inflammatory disease—an infection of the female reproductive organs.</li>
<li>abdominal adhesions—bands of tissue that form between abdominal
tissues and organs. Normally, internal tissues and organs have slippery
surfaces that let them shift easily as the body moves. Adhesions cause
tissues and organs to
stick together.</li>
<li>constipation—a condition in which a person usually has fewer than
three bowel movements in a week. The bowel movements may be painful.</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/">Appendicitis</a> is an inflammation of the appendix,
a 3 1/2-inch-long tube of tissue that extends from the large intestine.
No one is absolutely certain what the function of the appendix is. One
thing we do know: We can live without it, without apparent consequences.<br />
<div class="node">
Appendicitis
is a medical emergency that requires prompt surgery to remove the
appendix. Left untreated, an inflamed appendix will eventually burst, or
perforate, spilling infectious materials into the abdominal cavity.
This can lead to <a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/">peritonitis</a>,
a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity's lining (the
peritoneum) that can be fatal unless it is treated quickly with strong
antibiotics.</div>
<div class="node">
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img align="" alt="appendix" border="0" src="http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/health_and_medical_reference/digestive_disorders/digestive_diseases_appendicitis_appendix.jpg" title="" /></a></div>
<div class="node">
Sometimes a pus-filled abscess
(infection that is walled off from the rest of the body) forms outside
the inflamed appendix. Scar tissue then "walls off" the appendix from
the rest of the <a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/">abdomen</a>,
preventing infection from spreading. An abscessed appendix is a less
urgent situation, but unfortunately, it can't be identified without
surgery. For this reason, all cases of appendicitis are treated as
emergencies, requiring surgery.</div>
<div class="node">
In the U.S., one in
15 people will get appendicitis. Although it can strike at any age,
appendicitis is rare under age 2 and most common between ages 10 and 30.</div>
<div class="node">
<b>What Are the Symptoms of Appendicitis?</b></div>
<div class="node">
The classic symptoms of appendicitis include:</div>
<ul class="node">
<li>Dull pain near the navel or the upper abdomen that becomes sharp as it moves to the lower right abdomen. This is usually the first sign.</li>
<li>Loss of appetite</li>
<li>Nausea and/or vomiting soon after abdominal pain begins</li>
<li>Abdominal swelling</li>
<li>Fever of 99-102 degrees Fahrenheit</li>
<li>Inability to pass gas</li>
</ul>
<div class="node">
Almost half the time, other symptoms of appendicitis appear, including:</div>
<ul class="node">
<li>Dull or sharp pain anywhere in the upper or lower abdomen, back, or rectum</li>
<li>Painful urination</li>
<li>Vomiting that precedes the abdominal pain</li>
<li>Severe cramps</li>
<li>Constipation or diarrhea with gas</li>
</ul>
<div class="node">
If
you have any of the mentioned symptoms, seek medical attention
immediately since timely diagnosis and treatment is very important. Do
not eat, drink, or use any pain remedies, antacids, laxatives, or heating pads, which can cause an inflamed appendix to rupture.</div>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="diagnosis" name="diagnosis"></a>
<br />
<h3>
How is appendicitis diagnosed?</h3>
A health care provider can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a physical
exam.
<br />
If a person does not have the usual symptoms, health care
providers may use laboratory and imaging tests to confirm appendicitis.
These tests also may help diagnose appendicitis in people who cannot
adequately describe their symptoms, such as children or people who are
mentally
impaired.
<br />
<h4>
Medical History</h4>
The health care provider will ask specific questions about
symptoms and health history. Answers to these questions will help rule
out other conditions. The health care
provider will want to know<br />
<ul>
<li>when the abdominal pain began</li>
<li>the exact location and severity of the pain</li>
<li>when other symptoms appeared</li>
<li>other medical conditions, previous illnesses, and surgical procedures</li>
<li>whether the person uses medications, alcohol, or illegal drugs</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Physical Exam</h4>
Details about the person’s abdominal pain are key to diagnosing
appendicitis. The health care provider will assess the pain by touching
or applying pressure to specific areas of the abdomen.<br />
Responses that may indicate appendicitis include<br />
<ul>
<li>
<b>Rovsing’s sign. </b>A health care provider
tests for Rovsing’s sign by applying hand pressure to the lower left
side of the abdomen. Pain felt on the lower right side of the abdomen
upon the release of pressure on the left side indicates the presence of
Rovsing’s sign.<br />
</li>
<li>
<b>Psoas sign.</b> The right psoas muscle runs
over the pelvis near the appendix. Flexing this muscle will cause
abdominal pain if the appendix is inflamed. A health care provider can
check for the psoas sign by applying resistance to the right knee as the
patient tries to lift the right thigh while lying down.<br />
</li>
<li>
<b>Obturator sign.</b> The right obturator muscle
also runs near the appendix. A health care provider tests for the
obturator sign by asking the patient to lie down with the right leg bent
at the knee. Moving the bent knee left and right requires flexing the
obturator muscle and will cause abdominal pain if the appendix is
inflamed.<br />
</li>
<li>
<b>Guarding.</b> Guarding occurs when
a person subconsciously tenses the abdominal muscles during an exam.
Voluntary guarding occurs the moment the health care provider’s hand
touches the abdomen. Involuntary guarding occurs before the health care
provider actually makes contact and is a sign the appendix is inflamed.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Rebound tenderness.</b> A health care provider
tests for rebound tenderness by applying hand pressure to a person’s
lower right abdomen and then letting go. Pain felt upon the release of
the pressure indicates rebound tenderness and is a sign the appendix is
inflamed. A person may also experience rebound tenderness as pain when
the abdomen is jarred—for example, when a person bumps into something or
goes over a bump in a car. </li>
</ul>
Women of childbearing age may be asked to undergo a pelvic exam
to rule out gynecological conditions, which sometimes cause abdominal
pain similar to appendicitis.<br />
The health care provider also may examine the rectum, which can be tender from appendicitis.<br />
<h4>
Laboratory Tests</h4>
Laboratory tests can help confirm the diagnosis of appendicitis or find other causes of abdominal pain.<br />
<ul>
<li>
<b>Blood tests.</b> A blood test involves drawing a
person’s blood at a health care provider’s office or a commercial
facility and sending the sample to a laboratory for analysis. Blood
tests can show signs of infection, such as a high white blood cell
count. Blood tests also may show dehydration or fluid and electrolyte
imbalances. Electrolytes are chemicals in the body fluids, including
sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride. </li>
<li><b>Urinalysis.</b> Urinalysis is testing of a urine
sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health
care provider’s office, a commercial facility, or a hospital and can be
tested in the same location or sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Urinalysis is used to rule out a urinary tract infection or a kidney
stone.
</li>
<li><b>Pregnancy test.</b> Health care providers also may order a pregnancy test for women, which can be done through a blood or urine test. </li>
</ul>
<h4>
Imaging Tests</h4>
Imaging tests can confirm the diagnosis of appendicitis or find other causes of abdominal pain.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Abdominal ultrasound.</b> Ultrasound uses a
device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off
organs to create an image of their structure. The transducer can be
moved to different angles to make it possible to examine different
organs. In abdominal ultrasound, the health care provider applies gel to
the patient’s abdomen and moves a hand-held transducer over the skin.
The gel allows the transducer to glide easily, and it improves the
transmission of the
signals. The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s office,
an outpatient center, or a hospital by a specially trained technician,
and the images are interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes
in medical imaging; anesthesia is not
needed. Abdominal ultrasound creates images of the appendix and can show
signs of inflammation, a burst appendix, a blockage in the appendiceal
lumen, and other sources of abdominal pain. Ultrasound is the first
imaging test
performed for suspected appendicitis in infants, children, young adults,
and pregnant women.
</li>
<li><b>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</b> MRI
machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures of the
body’s internal organs and soft tissues without using x rays. The
procedure is performed in an outpatient center or a hospital by a
specially
trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist.
Anesthesia is not needed, though children and people with a fear of
confined spaces
may receive light sedation, taken by mouth. An MRI may include the
injection of special dye, called contrast medium. With most MRI
machines,
the person lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that
may be open ended or closed at one end; some machines are designed to
allow the person to lie in a more open space. An
MRI can show signs of inflammation, a burst appendix, a blockage in the
appendiceal lumen, and other sources of abdominal pain. An MRI used to
diagnose appendicitis and other sources of abdominal pain is a safe,
reliable alternative to a computerized tomography (CT) scan.<sup><a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/appendicitis/index.aspx#2">2</a></sup>
</li>
<li><b>CT scan.</b> CT scans use a combination of x rays
and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. For a
CT scan, the person may be given a solution to drink and an injection
of contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that
slides into
a tunnel-shaped device where the x rays are taken. The procedure
is performed in an outpatient center or a hospital by an x-ray
technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia
is not needed. Children may be given a sedative to help them
fall asleep for the test. A CT scan of the abdomen
can show signs of inflammation, such as an enlarged appendix or
an abscess—a pus-filled mass that results from the body’s attempt to
keep an
infection from spreading—and other sources of abdominal pain,
such as
a burst appendix and a blockage in the appendiceal lumen. Women
of childbearing age should have a pregnancy test before undergoing
a CT scan. The radiation used in CT scans can be harmful to a
developing fetus.</li>
</ul>
<sup>2</sup>Heverhagen J, Pfestroff K,
Heverhagen A, Klose K, Kessler K, Sitter H. Diagnostic accuracy of
magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective evaluation of patients with
suspected appendicitis (diamond). <i>Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. </i>2012;35:617–623.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="treatment" name="treatment"></a>
<br />
<h3>
How is appendicitis treated? </h3>
Appendicitis is typically treated with surgery to remove the
appendix. The surgery is performed in a hospital; general anesthesia is
needed. If appendicitis is suspected, especially in patients who have
persistent abdominal pain and fever, or signs of a burst appendix and
infection, a health care
provider will often suggest surgery without conducting diagnostic
testing. Prompt surgery decreases the chance that the
appendix will burst.<br />
Surgery to remove the appendix is called an appendectomy. A surgeon performs the surgery using one of the following methods:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Laparotomy.</b> Laparotomy removes the
appendix through a single incision in the lower right area of the abdomen.</li>
<li><b>Laparoscopic surgery.</b> Laparoscopic surgery uses several smaller incisions
and special surgical tools fed through the incisions to remove the appendix. Laparoscopic surgery leads to fewer
complications, such as hospital-related infections, and has a shorter recovery
time.
</li>
</ul>
With adequate care, most people recover from appendicitis and do
not need to make changes to diet, exercise, or lifestyle. Surgeons
recommend limiting physical activity for the first 10 to 14 days after a
laparotomy and for the first 3 to 5 days after laparoscopic surgery.
<br />
<br />
<h3>
What are the complications and treatment of a burst appendix?</h3>
A burst appendix spreads infection throughout the abdomen—a
potentially dangerous condition called peritonitis. A person with
peritonitis may be extremely ill and have nausea, vomiting, fever, and
severe abdominal tenderness. This condition requires immediate surgery
through laparotomy to clean the abdominal cavity and remove the
appendix. Without prompt treatment, peritonitis can cause death.<br />
Sometimes an abscess forms around a burst appendix—called an
appendiceal abscess. A surgeon may drain the pus from the abscess during
surgery or, more commonly, before surgery. To drain an abscess, a tube
is placed in the abscess through the abdominal wall. The drainage tube
is left in place for about 2 weeks while antibiotics are given to treat
infection. Six to 8 weeks later, when infection and inflammation are
under control, surgeons operate to remove what remains of the burst
appendix.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="normal" name="normal"></a>
<br />
<h3>
What if the surgeon finds a normal appendix?</h3>
Occasionally, a surgeon finds a normal
appendix. In this case, many surgeons will
remove it to eliminate the future possibility
of appendicitis. Occasionally, surgeons
find a different problem, which may also be
corrected during surgery.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="without" name="without"></a>
<br />
<h3>
Can appendicitis be treated without surgery?</h3>
Nonsurgical treatment may be used if surgery is not available, a
person is not well enough to undergo surgery, or the diagnosis is
unclear. Nonsurgical treatment includes antibiotics to treat infection.<br />
<br />
<h3>
What should people do if they think they have appendicitis?</h3>
Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate
care. People who think they have appendicitis should see a health care
provider or go to the emergency room right away. Swift diagnosis and
treatment reduce the chances the appendix will burst and improve
recovery time.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="eat" name="eat"></a>
<br />
<h3>
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition</h3>
Researchers have not found that eating,
diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or
preventing appendicitis. If a health care
provider prescribes nonsurgical treatment for
a person with appendicitis, the person will be
asked to follow a liquid or soft diet until the
infection subsides. A soft diet is low in fiber
and is easily digested in the GI tract. A soft
diet includes foods such as milk, fruit juices,
eggs, puddings, strained soups, rice, ground
meats, fish, and mashed, boiled, or baked
potatoes. People can talk with their health
care provider to discuss dietary changes.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="points" name="points"></a>
<br />
<h3>
Points to Remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>Appendicitis is inflammation of the
appendix.</li>
<li>The appendix is a fingerlike pouch
attached to the large intestine and
located in the lower right area of the
abdomen. The inside of the appendix is
called the appendiceal lumen.</li>
<li>An obstruction, or blockage, of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis.</li>
<li>The most common symptom of
appendicitis is abdominal pain. Other
symptoms of appendicitis may include
loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, diarrhea, an inability to
pass gas, a low-grade fever, abdominal
swelling, and the feeling that passing
stool will relieve discomfort</li>
<li>A health care provider can diagnose
most cases of appendicitis by taking a
person’s medical history and performing
a physical exam. If a person does not
have the usual symptoms, health care
providers may use laboratory and
imaging tests to confirm appendicitis.</li>
<li>Appendicitis is typically treated with surgery to remove the appendix.</li>
<li>Nonsurgical treatment may be used
if surgery is not available, a person is
not well enough to undergo surgery, or
the diagnosis is unclear. Nonsurgical
treatment includes antibiotics to treat
infection.</li>
<li>Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate care.</li>
<li>If a health care provider prescribes nonsurgical treatment
for a person with appendicitis, the person will be asked to follow a
liquid or soft diet until the infection subsides.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="hope" name="hope"></a>
<br />
<h3>
Hope through Research</h3>
The National Institute of Diabetes and
Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
and other components of the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and
support basic and clinical research into many
digestive disorders, including appendicitis.<br />
Clinical trials are research studies involving
people. Clinical trials look at safe and
effective new ways to prevent, detect, or
treat disease. Researchers also use clinical
trials to look at other aspects of care, such
as improving the quality of life for people
with chronic illnesses. To learn more about
clinical trials, why they matter, and how to
participate, visit the NIH Clinical Research
Trials and You website at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials">www.nih.gov/health/
clinicaltrials</a>. For information about current
studies, visit <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.ClinicalTrials.gov</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="info" name="info"></a>
<br />
<h3>
For More Information</h3>
<b>American Academy of Family Physicians</b><br />
P.O. Box 11210<br />
Shawnee Mission, KS 66207–1210<br />
Phone: 1–800–274–2237 or 913–906–6000<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:contactcenter@aafp.org">contactcenter@aafp.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.aafp.org/">www.aafp.org</a><a href="http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/Footer/Disclaimer.htm"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" height="10" width="10" /></a><br />
<b>American College of Surgeons</b><br />
633 North Saint Clair Street<br />
Chicago, IL 60611–3211<br />
Phone: 1–800–621–4111 or 312–202–5000<br />
Fax: 312–202–5001<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:postmaster@facs.org">postmaster@facs.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.facs.org/">www.facs.org</a><a href="http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/Footer/Disclaimer.htm"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" height="10" width="10" /></a><br />
<b>American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</b><br />
85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 550<br />
Arlington Heights, IL 60005<br />
Phone: 847–290–9184<br />
Fax: 847–290–9203<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:ascrs@fascrs.org">ascrs@fascrs.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.fascrs.org/">www.fascrs.org</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.thediamondtrade.com/">how to sell a diamond</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-64626862018447942612014-01-06T08:47:00.005+06:002014-01-06T08:47:45.582+06:00Anus and Rectum <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Anatomic Problems of the Lower GI Tract publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/Anatomic_LowerGI.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" title="" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Anatomic Problems of the Lower GI Tract<br />
Provides a general overview of common anatomical problems of the
lower GI tract. Describes how some problems develop during the fetal
stage and others develop with age. Covers symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatment for the different conditions.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/anatomiccolon/Anatomic_Problems_Lower_GI_Tract_508.pdf">PDF Version (284 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Bleeding in the Digestive Tract publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/bleeding.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Bleeding in the Digestive Tract<br />
Includes information about the causes of bleeding in the digestive
tract and how the bleeding is recognized, diagnosed, and treated. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/bleeding/bleeding_508.pdf">PDF Version (190 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="The Hemorragia en el tracto digestivo publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/Bleeding_Digestive_Tract_SP_cvL.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Hemorragia en el tracto digestivo<br />
Incluye información sobre las causas de la hemorragia en el tracto
digestivo y cómo se reconoce, diagnostica y trata una hemorragia. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/bleeding/Bleeding_Digestive_Tract_SP_508.pdf">Versión PDF (164 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Colonoscopy publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/colonoscopy.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Colonoscopy<br />
Provides general information about colonoscopy. Describes the
purpose of the test, how patients can prepare for it, and what patients
can expect during and after the procedure. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/colonoscopy/ColonoscopyFS_T_508.pdf">PDF Version (141 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Colonoscopia publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/colonoscopy_SP.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Colonoscopia<br />
Proporciona información general sobre la colonoscopia. Describe el
propósito de la prueba, como los pacientes se pueden preparar para ella y
que pueden esperar los pacientes durante y después del procedimiento. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/colonoscopy/Colonoscopy_SP_508.pdf">Versión PDF (331 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Constipation publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/constipation.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="111" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Constipation<br />
Defines constipation and describes its development, diagnosis, and
treatment. Also highlights some misconceptions about constipation.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/Constipation_508.pdf">PDF Version (464 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="The Constipation in Children publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/ConstipationChildren.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Constipation in Children<br />
Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of constipation in children. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipationchild/Constipation_in_Children_508.pdf">PDF Version (532 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="The Digestive System and How It Works publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/yourdigestive.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">The Digestive System and How It Works<br />
Provides general information about the organs of the digestive
system, the digestive process, and the absorption of nutrients.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/Digestive_System_508.pdf">PDF Version (426 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="El aparato digestivo y su funcionamiento publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/yourdigestive_SP.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />El aparato digestivo y su funcionamiento<br />
Ofrece información general sobre los órganos del sistema digestivo,
la digestión y la absorción de nutrientes. Incluye un listado de
lecturas adicionales.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/yrdd/yrdd_sp_508.pdf">Versión PDF (153 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Fecal Incontinence publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/fecalincontinence.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Fecal Incontinence<br />
Explains the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and emotional considerations
of fecal incontinence, commonly known as bowel control problems. This
fact sheet includes information about eating, diet, and nutrition and
reviews fecal incontinence in children. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/fecalincontinence/Fecal_Incontinence_508.pdf">PDF Version (578 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Flexible Sigmoidoscopy publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/FlexibleSigmoidoscopy.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Flexible Sigmoidoscopy<br />
Provides general information about flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Describes the purpose of the test, how patients can prepare for it, and
what patients can expect during and after the procedure. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/sigmoidoscopy/Flexible_Sigmoidoscopy_508.pdf">PDF Version (347 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Sigmoidoscopia flexible publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/FlexibleSigmoidoscopy_SP.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Sigmoidoscopia flexible<br />
Proporciona información general sobre la sigmoidoscopia flexible.
Describe el propósito de la prueba, como los pacientes se pueden
preparar para ella y que pueden esperar los pacientes durante y después
del procedimiento.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/sigmoidoscopy/Flexible_Sigmoidoscopy_508.pdf">Versión PDF (186 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/index.aspx"><img alt="Hemorrhoids publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/hemorrhoids.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></a></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Hemorrhoids<br />
Describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatments for this common disorder. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/Hemorrhoids_508.pdf">PDF Version (298 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Lower GI Series publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/lowergi.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Lower GI Series<br />
Provides general information about the lower gastrointestinal (GI)
x-ray series. Describes the purpose of the test, how patients can
prepare for it, and what patients can expect during and after the
procedure. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/lowergi/Lower_GI_Series_T_508.pdf">PDF Version (152 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Tránsito gastrointestinal inferior publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/lowergi_SP.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Tránsito gastrointestinal inferior<br />
Proporciona información general sobre las radiografías del tránsito
gastrointestinal inferior. Describe el propósito de la prueba, como los
pacientes se pueden preparar para ella y que pueden esperar los
pacientes durante y después del procedimiento.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/lowergi/lowergi_508.pdf">Versión PDF (113 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/microcolitis.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis<br />
Describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/microcolitis/Microscopic_Colitis_508.pdf">PDF Version (244 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Proctitis publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/proctitis.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Proctitis<br />
Describes the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of proctitis. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/proctitis/Proctitis_508.pdf">PDF Version (150 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Ulcerative Colitis publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/UlcerativeColitis.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Ulcerative Colitis<br />
Outlines the symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and risks and benefits
of several drugs and types of surgery to treat this disease. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/colitis/UlcerativeColitis_508.pdf">PDF Version (163 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Virtual Colonoscopy publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/virtualcolonoscopy.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">Virtual Colonoscopy<br />
Provides general information about virtual colonoscopy. Describes
the purpose of the test, how patients can prepare for it, and what
patients can expect during and after the procedure. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/virtualcolonoscopy/Virtual_Colonoscopy_508.pdf">PDF Version (123 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Colonoscopia virtual publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/virtualcolonoscopy_SP.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Colonoscopia virtual<br />
Proporciona información general sobre las radiografías del colonoscopia
virtual. Describe el propósito de la prueba, como los pacientes se
pueden preparar para ella y que pueden esperar los pacientes durante y
después del procedimiento.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/virtualcolonoscopy/Virtual_Colonoscopy_508.pdf">Versión PDF (222 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="What I need to know about Bowel Control publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINKABowel.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">What I need to know about Bowel Control<br />
Defines bowel control problems, also called fecal incontinence, and
describes how normal bowel control works. Discusses the causes, risk
factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Provides tips for talking with the
doctor and ways to cope with bowel control problems. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/bowelcontrol_ez/WINTKA_Bowel_Control_508.pdf">PDF Version (968 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Lo que usted debe saber sobre el control intestinal publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINTKA_Bowel_Control_SP_cvL.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" title="" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Lo que usted debe saber sobre el control intestinal<br />
Describe problemas de control intestinal, o incontinencia fecal, y sus causas, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico y tratamiento. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/bowelcontrol_ez/WINTKA_Bowel_Control_SP_508.pdf">Versión PDF (1,712 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="What I need to know about Constipation publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINKAconstipation.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" title="" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">What I need to know about Constipation<br />
Defines constipation and includes steps for prevention, as well as a list of additional resources. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation_ez/constipation_508.pdf">PDF Version (2,240 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Lo que usted debe saber sobre el estreñimiento publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINKAconstipation_SP.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Lo que usted debe saber sobre el estreñimiento<br />
Define el estreñimiento e incluye una lista de medidas para su prevención, así como un listado de recursos adicionales.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/constipation_ez/constipation_sp_508.pdf">Versión PDF (595 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="What I need to know about Diarrhea publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINKAdiarrhea.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">What I need to know about Diarrhea<br />
Discusses the causes of diarrhea and the dangers of dehydration.
Provides suggestions for easing the symptoms of diarrhea in adults and
children. Offers strategies for avoiding traveler’s diarrhea. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/diarrhea_ez/wintkadiarrhea_508.pdf">PDF Version (906 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="Lo que usted debe saber sobre la diarrea publicación imagen" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINKAdiarrhea_SP.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top"><strong>En Español</strong><br />Lo que usted debe saber sobre la diarrea<br />
Ofrece información sobre las causas de la diarrea y los riesgos de
la deshidratación. Ofrece sugerencias para aliviar los síntomas de la
diarrea en adultos y en niños. Presenta sugerencias para evitar la
diajera del viajero.<br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/diarrhea_ez/WINTKA_Diarrhea_SP_508.pdf">Versión PDF (1,352 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">
<img alt="What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease publication thumbnail image" height="144" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/images/thumbnail/WINKAHirschsprung.gif" style="border: 1px solid black;" width="104" /></div>
</td>
<td valign="top">What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease<br />
Defines and explains the causes, symptoms, and treatment of Hirschsprung disease. Includes a pronunciation guide. <br />
<a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hirschsprungs_ez/hirsch_508.pdf">PDF Version (465 KB)</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/accessibility.aspx">*</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-34250813386875469232014-01-06T08:38:00.000+06:002014-01-06T08:42:05.162+06:00hemorrhoids treatment cure hemorrhoids symptoms<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 id="what">
What are hemorrhoids?</h3>
Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins around the anus or in the
lower rectum. The rectum is the last part of the large intestine leading
to the anus. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract
where bowel contents leave the body.<br />
External hemorrhoids are located under the skin around the anus.
Internal hemorrhoids develop in the lower rectum. Internal hemorrhoids
may protrude, or prolapse, through the anus. Most prolapsed hemorrhoids
shrink back inside the rectum on their own. Severely prolapsed
hemorrhoids may protrude permanently and require treatment.<br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt=" hemorrhoid and an external hemorrhoid labeled. " border="1" height="299" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/images/Hemorrhoids_Image.jpg" title="" width="252" /></a><br />
<span class="caption" style="width: 216px;">Hemorrhoids</span><br />
<br />
<h3 id="symptoms">
What are the symptoms of hemorrhoids?</h3>
The most common symptom of internal hemorrhoids is bright red blood
on stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement.
Internal hemorrhoids that are not prolapsed are usually not painful.
Prolapsed hemorrhoids often cause pain, discomfort, and anal itching.<br />
Blood clots may form in external hemorrhoids. A blood clot in a vein
is called a thrombosis. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids cause bleeding,
painful swelling, or a hard lump around the anus. When the blood clot
dissolves, extra skin is left behind. This skin can become irritated or
itch.<br />
Excessive straining, rubbing, or cleaning around the anus may make symptoms, such as itching and irritation, worse.<br />
Hemorrhoids are not dangerous or life threatening. Symptoms usually
go away within a few days, and some people with hemorrhoids never have
symptoms.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="howcommon">
How common are hemorrhoids?</h3>
About 75 percent of people will have hemorrhoids at some point in their lives.<sup>1</sup> Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45 to 65.<sup>2</sup> Hemorrhoids are also common in pregnant women.<br />
<div class="note">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="note_1" style="text-decoration: none;"><sup>1</sup></a>Baker H. Hemorrhoids. In: Longe JL, ed. <em>Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.</em> 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale; 2006: 1766–1769.</div>
<div class="note">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="note_2" style="text-decoration: none;"><sup>2</sup></a>Chong PS, Bartolo DCC. Hemorrhoids and fissure in ano. <em>Gastroenterology Clinics of North America.</em> 2008;37:627–644.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="causes">
What causes hemorrhoids?</h3>
Swelling in the anal or rectal veins causes hemorrhoids. Several factors may cause this swelling, including<br />
<ul>
<li>chronic constipation or diarrhea</li>
<br />
<li>straining during bowel movements</li>
<br />
<li>sitting on the toilet for long periods of time</li>
<br />
<li>a lack of fiber in the diet</li>
</ul>
Another cause of hemorrhoids is the weakening of the connective tissue in the rectum and anus that occurs with age.<br />
Pregnancy can cause hemorrhoids by increasing pressure in the
abdomen, which may enlarge the veins in the lower rectum and anus. For
most women, hemorrhoids caused by pregnancy disappear after childbirth.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="diagnosed">
How are hemorrhoids diagnosed?</h3>
The doctor will examine the anus and rectum to determine whether a
person has hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoid symptoms are similar to the symptoms
of other anorectal problems, such as fissures, abscesses, warts, and
polyps.<br />
The doctor will perform a physical exam to look for visible
hemorrhoids. A digital rectal exam with a gloved, lubricated finger and
an anoscope—a hollow, lighted tube—may be performed to view the rectum.<br />
A thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis by a doctor is important
any time a person notices bleeding from the rectum or blood in the
stool. Bleeding may be a symptom of other digestive diseases, including
colorectal cancer.<br />
Additional exams may be done to rule out other causes of bleeding, especially in people age 40 or older:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Colonoscopy.</strong> A flexible, lighted tube called a
colonoscope is inserted through the anus, the rectum, and the upper part
of the large intestine, called the colon. The colonoscope transmits
images of the inside of the rectum and the entire colon.</li>
<br />
<li><strong>Sigmoidoscopy.</strong> This procedure is similar to
colonoscopy, but it uses a shorter tube called a sigmoidoscope and
transmits images of the rectum and the sigmoid colon, the lower portion
of the colon that empties into the rectum.</li>
<br />
<li><strong>Barium enema x ray.</strong> A contrast material called barium is inserted into the colon to make the colon more visible in x-ray pictures.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="treatment">
How are hemorrhoids treated?</h3>
<h4>
At-home Treatments</h4>
Simple diet and lifestyle changes often reduce the swelling of
hemorrhoids and relieve hemorrhoid symptoms. Eating a high-fiber diet
can make stools softer and easier to pass, reducing the pressure on
hemorrhoids caused by straining.<br />
Fiber is a substance found in plants. The human body cannot digest
fiber, but fiber helps improve digestion and prevent constipation. Good
sources of dietary fiber are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. On
average, Americans eat about 15 grams of fiber each day.<sup>3</sup> The American Dietetic Association recommends 25 grams of fiber per day for women and 38 grams of fiber per day for men.<sup>3</sup><br />
Doctors may also suggest taking a bulk stool softener or a fiber
supplement such as psyllium (Metamucil) or methylcellulose (Citrucel).<br />
Other changes that may help relieve hemorrhoid symptoms include<br />
<ul>
<li>drinking six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water or other nonalcoholic fluids each day</li>
<br />
<li>sitting in a tub of warm water for
10 minutes several times a day</li>
<br />
<li>exercising to prevent constipation</li>
<br />
<li>not straining during bowel movements</li>
</ul>
Over-the-counter creams and suppositories may temporarily relieve the
pain and itching of hemorrhoids. These treatments should only be used
for a short time because long-term use can damage the skin.<br />
<h4>
Medical Treatment</h4>
If at-home treatments do not relieve symptoms, medical treatments may
be needed. Outpatient treatments can be performed in a doctor’s office
or a hospital. Outpatient treatments for internal hemorrhoids include
the following:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Rubber band ligation.</strong> The doctor places a special
rubber band around the base of the hemorrhoid. The band cuts off
circulation, causing the hemorrhoid to shrink. This procedure should be
performed only by a doctor.</li>
<br />
<li><strong>Sclerotherapy.</strong> The doctor injects a chemical solution into the blood vessel to shrink the hemorrhoid.</li>
<br />
<li><strong>Infrared coagulation.</strong> The doctor uses heat to shrink the hemorrhoid tissue.</li>
</ul>
Large external hemorrhoids or internal hemorrhoids that do not respond to other treatments can be surgically removed.<br />
<div class="note">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="note_3" style="text-decoration: none;"><sup>3</sup></a>Slavin JL. Position statement of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. <em>Journal of the American Dietetic Association.</em> 2008;108(10):1716–1731.</div>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="food" name="food"></a>
<h3>
What foods have fiber?</h3>
<strong>Examples of foods that have fiber include</strong><br />
<strong>Breads, cereals, and beans<span style="margin-left: 12.25em;">Fiber</span></strong><br />
1/2 cup of navy beans<span style="margin-left: 15.4em;"> 9.5 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of kidney beans<span style="margin-left: 14.6em;"> 8.2 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of black beans<span style="margin-left: 15.1em;"> 7.5 grams</span><br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt=" box of cereal." src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/images/Bread_Cereal.jpg" /></a><br />
Whole-grain cereal, cold<br />
1/2 cup of All-Bran<span style="margin-left: 17.15em;">9.6 grams</span><br />
3/4 cup of Total<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;">2.4 grams</span><br />
3/4 cup of Post Bran Flakes<span style="margin-left: 13em;">5.3 grams</span><br />
1 packet of whole-grain cereal, hot<span style="margin-left: 10.1em;">3.0 grams</span><br />
(oatmeal, Wheatena)<br />
1 whole-wheat English muffin<span style="margin-left: 12.65em;">4.4 grams</span><br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt=" apple. " src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/images/Apple.jpg" /></a><br />
<strong>Fruits</strong><br />
1 medium apple, with skin<span style="margin-left: 14em;">3.3 grams</span><br />
1 medium pear, with skin<span style="margin-left: 14.45em;">4.3 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of raspberries<span style="margin-left: 16em;">4.0 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of stewed prunes<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">3.8 grams</span><br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt=" of a 1/2 cup of peas. " src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/images/Peas.jpg" /></a><br />
<strong>Vegetables</strong><br />
1/2 cup of winter squash<span style="margin-left: 15.1em;">2.9 grams</span><br />
1 medium sweet potato with skin<span style="margin-left: 11.45em;">4.8 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of green peas<span style="margin-left: 16.35em;">4.4 grams</span><br />
1 medium potato with skin<span style="margin-left: 14.25em;">3.8 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of mixed vegetables<span style="margin-left: 13.6em;">4.0 grams</span><br />
1 cup of cauliflower<span style="margin-left: 17.5em;">2.5 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of spinach<span style="margin-left: 17.8em;">3.5 grams</span><br />
1/2 cup of turnip greens<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">2.5 grams</span><br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt="Drawing of a baked potato. " src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/images/Potato.jpg" /></a><br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="small">
<em>Source:</em> U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, <em>Dietary Guidelines for Americans,</em> 2005.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="points">
Points to Remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins around the anus or in the lower rectum.</li>
<br />
<li>Hemorrhoids are not dangerous or life threatening, and symptoms usually go away within a few days.</li>
<br />
<li>A thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis by a doctor is important
any time a person notices bleeding from the rectum or blood in the
stool.</li>
<br />
<li>Simple diet and lifestyle changes often reduce the swelling of hemorrhoids and relieve hemorrhoid symptoms.</li>
<br />
<li>If at-home treatments do not relieve symptoms, medical treatments may be needed.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="hope">
Hope through Research</h3>
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK) sponsors research to improve treatment for people with digestive
disorders, including hemorrhoids and constipation. Researchers are
studying new drugs and surgical procedures to treat or prevent
hemorrhoids.<br />
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their
own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are
widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research.
For information about current studies, visit <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.ClinicalTrials.gov</a>.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="information">
For More Information</h3>
<strong>American College of Gastroenterology</strong><br />
P.O. Box 342260<br />
Bethesda, MD 20827–2260<br />
Phone: 301–263–9000<br />
Email:<a href="mailto:info@acg.gi.org"> info@acg.gi.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.acg.gi.org/">www.acg.gi.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>American Gastroenterological Association</strong><br />
4930 Del Ray Avenue<br />
Bethesda, MD 20814<br />
Phone: 301–654–2055<br />
Fax: 301–654–5920<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:member@gastro.org">member@gastro.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.gastro.org/">www.gastro.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</strong><br />
85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 550<br />
Arlington Heights, IL 60005<br />
Phone: 847–290–9184<br />
Fax: 847–290–9203<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:ascrs@fascrs.org">ascrs@fascrs.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.fascrs.org/">www.fascrs.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" title="" width="10" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-70790496737527553582014-01-06T08:37:00.001+06:002014-01-06T08:37:08.660+06:00Alagille Syndrome life expectancy pictures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul>
<li>What is Alagille syndrome?</li>
<li>What causes Alagille syndrome?</li>
<li>What are the symptoms of Alagille syndrome?</li>
<li>How is Alagille syndrome diagnosed?</li>
<li>How is Alagille syndrome treated?</li>
<li>What is the long-term outlook for people with Alagille syndrome?</li>
<li>Points to Remember</li>
<li>Hope through Research</li>
<li>For More Information</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="what">
What is Alagille syndrome?</h3>
Alagille syndrome is a genetic condition in which a person has fewer
than the normal number of small bile ducts inside the liver. Bile ducts,
also called hepatic ducts, are tubes that carry bile from the liver
cells to the gallbladder and eventually drain into the small intestine.
Bile is a liquid produced in the liver that serves two main functions:
carrying toxins and waste products out of the body and helping the
digestion of fats and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. The
decreased number of hepatic ducts causes bile to build up in the liver,
leading to liver damage. Eventually the liver may stop working and a
liver transplant is necessary.<br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt="s, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, common bile duct, pancreatic duct, cystic duct, and hepatic ducts labeled." src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/alagille/images/billiary.gif" title="" /></a><br />
<span class="caption">Normal liver and biliary system.</span><br />
Alagille syndrome is a complex disorder that can affect other parts
of the body including the heart, kidneys, blood vessels, eyes, face, and
skeleton. The syndrome occurs in about one in every 70,000 births<sup>1</sup> and is equally common in boys and girls. The symptoms of Alagille syndrome are usually seen in the first 2 years of life.<br />
<div class="note">
<sup>1</sup>Kamath BM, Krantz ID, Spinner NB. Alagille Syndrome. In: Pagon RA, ed. <em>GeneReviews</em>. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; 1993–2008. <a href="http://www.genetests.org/">http://www.genetests.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a>. Accessed April 10, 2008.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="cause">
What causes Alagille syndrome?</h3>
Alagille syndrome is sometimes an autosomal dominant disorder,
meaning a person inherits it from one parent who has the disorder. In
other cases, a gene mutation develops spontaneously, meaning neither
parent carries a copy of the mutated gene. A child who has a parent with
Alagille syndrome has a 50 percent chance of developing the disorder.
Most people with Alagille syndrome have a mutation, or defect, in the <em>Jagged1 (JAG1)</em> gene. Mutations in the NOTCH2 gene are seen in less than 1 percent of people with Alagille syndrome.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="symptoms">
What are the symptoms of Alagille syndrome?</h3>
The symptoms of Alagille syndrome and their severity vary, even among people in the same family.<br />
<h4>
Liver Symptoms</h4>
Infants with Alagille syndrome may have symptoms of liver disease and
poor bile drainage from the liver in the first few weeks of life. These
symptoms can also occur in children and adults with Alagille syndrome.<br />
<strong>Jaundice.</strong> Bilirubin is the pigment that gives bile
its reddish-yellow color. Jaundice occurs when the bilirubin content in
the blood rises, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.
High levels of bilirubin in the blood can darken the urine, while stools
may become pale, gray, or white from a lack of bilirubin in the
intestines.<br />
Many healthy newborns have mild jaundice due to immaturity of the
liver. This type of jaundice disappears by the second or third week of
life, whereas the jaundice of Alagille syndrome remains. Infants with
jaundice that persists should be checked by a doctor.<br />
<strong>Pruritus.</strong> The buildup of bilirubin in the blood may
cause itching, also called pruritus. Pruritus usually starts after 3
months of age and can be severe.<br />
<strong>Malabsorption and growth problems.</strong> People with
Alagille syndrome may have diarrhea because of malabsorption, a
condition in which the bowel does not properly absorb fats and
fat-soluble vitamins. Malabsorption occurs because bile is necessary for
their digestion. Malabsorption can lead to failure to thrive in infants
and poor growth and delayed puberty in older children. People with
Alagille syndrome and malabsorption may develop bone fractures, eye
problems, blood-clotting problems, and learning delays.<br />
<strong>Xanthomas.</strong> Xanthomas are fatty deposits that appear
as yellow bumps on the skin. They are caused by abnormally high
cholesterol levels in the blood, which is common in people with liver
disease. Xanthomas are found on the abdomen, knees, elbows, hands, and
around the eyes and are harmless.<br />
<h4>
Unique Symptoms</h4>
Alagille syndrome can affect other parts of the body in ways that may help doctors distinguish it from other liver conditions.<br />
<strong>Heart.</strong> A heart murmur is the most common sign of
Alagille syndrome other than liver disease. Most people with Alagille
syndrome have a narrowing of the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood
from the heart to the lungs. This narrowing causes a murmur that can be
heard with a stethoscope, but usually it does not cause problems. A
small number of people with Alagille syndrome have more serious heart
conditions involving problems with the walls or the valves in the heart.
The more serious conditions may require medications and corrective
surgery.<br />
<strong>Face.</strong> Many children with Alagille syndrome have
deep-set eyes; a straight nose; a small, pointed chin; and a prominent,
wide forehead. These features are not usually recognized until after
infancy. The face typically changes with age, and by adulthood the chin
is more prominent.<br />
<strong>Eyes.</strong> Posterior embryotoxon is a condition in which
an opaque ring is seen in the cornea, the transparent covering of the
eyeball. A specialist performs an eye examination, called the slit lamp
test, to look for the condition. The abnormality is common in people
with Alagille syndrome and usually does not affect vision.<br />
<strong>Skeleton.</strong> The shape of the bones of the spine may look abnormal on an x ray, but this abnormality rarely causes spine problems.<br />
<strong>Kidneys.</strong> A wide range of kidney diseases can occur
in Alagille syndrome. Some people have small kidneys or cysts in the
kidneys. The kidneys can also have decreased function.<br />
<strong>Spleen.</strong> The spleen is a small abdominal organ that
cleans blood and protects against infection. Blood flow from the spleen
drains directly into the liver. When liver disease is advanced, the
blood flow backs up into the spleen and other blood vessels. This
condition is called portal hypertension. The spleen may enlarge in the
later stages of liver disease. A person with an enlarged spleen should
avoid contact sports to protect the organ from injury.<br />
<strong>Blood vessels.</strong> People with Alagille syndrome may
have abnormalities of the carotid arteries—the blood vessels in the head
and neck. This serious complication can lead to internal bleeding or
stroke. If a person with Alagille syndrome suffers a head injury, prompt
evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a computerized
tomography (CT) scan of the brain are needed to check for problems.
Alagille syndrome can also cause narrowing or bulging of other blood
vessels in the body.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="diagnosed">
How is Alagille syndrome diagnosed?</h3>
Because the symptoms of Alagille syndrome vary and because the
syndrome is so rare, the disorder can be difficult to diagnose. The
doctor will perform a thorough physical examination to look for clinical
symptoms of the disorder. If Alagille syndrome is suspected, the doctor
will order one or more of the following tests and examinations:<br />
<ul id="tests">
<li>blood tests to check liver function and nutritional status</li>
<li>an abdominal ultrasound to look for liver enlargement and to rule out other conditions</li>
<li>a liver biopsy to check for a decreased number of hepatic ducts</li>
<li>a cardiology examination to check for heart problems</li>
<li>an eye examination to check for posterior embryotoxon</li>
<li>an x ray of the spine to look for abnormalities</li>
<li>examinations of the blood vessels and kidneys to check for abnormalities</li>
</ul>
To make a diagnosis of Alagille syndrome, a positive liver biopsy and
the presence of three of the following symptoms are usually required:<br />
<ul id="requiredsymptoms">
<li>liver symptoms</li>
<li>heart abnormalities or murmurs</li>
<li>skeletal abnormalities</li>
<li>posterior embryotoxon</li>
<li>facial features typical of Alagille syndrome</li>
</ul>
The doctor may also have a blood sample tested to look for the <em>JAG1</em>
gene mutation. The gene mutation can be identified in 95 percent of
people with a diagnosis of Alagille syndrome based on signs and
symptoms.<sup>2</sup> A person can also be diagnosed with Alagille syndrome if the <em>JAG1</em> gene mutation alone is present—even when no major symptoms of the disorder are evident.<br />
The doctor may refer a person suspected of having Alagille syndrome
to a geneticist—a physician who specializes in genetic disorders—to
review the findings and assist with diagnosis. The geneticist and a
genetic counselor meet with family members to review the family medical
history and provide information. Once a person is diagnosed with
Alagille syndrome, the parents may be tested for the <em>JAG1</em> gene
mutation. Siblings and other family members may also be tested. The
specialists discuss the likelihood that family members and offspring
will have the mutation. Prenatal testing is available at specialized
centers.<br />
<div class="note">
<sup>2</sup>Warthen DM, Moore EC, Kamath BM, Morrissette JJ, Sanchez P, Piccoli DA, Krantz ID, Spinner NB. <em>Jagged1 (JAG1)</em> mutations in Alagille syndrome: increasing the mutation detection rate. <em>Human Mutation.</em> 2006;27(5):436–443.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="treated">
How is Alagille syndrome treated?</h3>
Treatment for Alagille syndrome is aimed at increasing the flow of
bile from the liver, promoting growth and development, and making the
person as comfortable as possible. Ursodiol (Actigall, Urso) is the only
drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to increase bile
flow. Other treatments address specific symptoms of the disease.<br />
<strong>Pruritus.</strong> Itching may improve when the flow of bile
from the liver is increased. Medications such as cholestyramine
(Questran, Prevalite), rifampin (Rifadin), naltrexone (ReVia, Depade),
or antihistamines may be prescribed to relieve pruritus. Hydrating the
skin with moisturizers and keeping fingernails trimmed to prevent skin
damage from scratching are important.<br />
If severe pruritus does not improve with medication, a procedure
called partial external biliary diversion (PEBD) may provide relief from
itching. PEBD involves surgery to connect one end of the small
intestine to the gallbladder and the other end to an opening in the
abdomen—called a stoma—through which bile leaves the body and is
collected in a pouch.<br />
A liver transplant may be necessary for a person with liver failure
and severe pruritus that does not improve with medication or PEBD.<br />
<strong>Malabsorption and growth problems.</strong> Infants with
Alagille syndrome are given a special formula that allows the absorption
of much-needed fat by the small intestine. Infants, children, and
adults can benefit from a high-calorie diet, calcium, and vitamins A, D,
E, and K. If oral doses of vitamins are not well tolerated, a health
care provider may need to give the person injections for a period of
time. A child may receive additional calories through a tiny tube that
is passed through the nose into the stomach. If extra calories are
required for a long time, a tube, called a gastrostomy tube, may be
placed directly into the stomach through a small opening made in the
abdomen. The child’s growth may improve if nutrition status improves and
the flow of bile from the liver increases.<br />
<strong>Xanthomas.</strong> These fatty deposits typically worsen
over the first few years of life and then improve over time, or they may
eventually disappear in response to PEBD or the medications used to
increase bile flow.<br />
<strong>Liver failure.</strong> In some cases, Alagille syndrome will
progress to end-stage liver failure and require a liver transplant. A
liver transplant is when the diseased liver is removed and replaced with
a healthy one from an organ donor.<br />
The health care team carefully considers the risks and benefits of a
transplant and discusses them with the patient and family. People with
Alagille syndrome and heart problems may not be candidates for a
transplant because they could be at high risk for complications during
and after the procedure.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="outlook">
What is the long-term outlook for people with Alagille syndrome?</h3>
The outlook for people with Alagille syndrome depends on several
factors, including the severity of liver damage and heart problems and
the early correction of malabsorption. Predicting who will experience
improved bile flow and who will progress to end-stage liver failure is
difficult. Fifteen percent of people with Alagille syndrome will
eventually require a liver transplant.<br />
Survival rates for people receiving liver transplants have improved
over the past several years because of newer drugs that suppress the
immune system and keep it from attacking and damaging the new liver.<br />
Research studies report that 75 percent of children diagnosed with Alagille syndrome live to at least 20 years of age.<sup>3</sup>
Because of improvements in liver and heart therapies, this survival
rate is increasing. Many adults with Alagille syndrome who improve with
treatment lead normal, productive lives. Deaths in people with Alagille
syndrome are most often caused by liver failure, heart problems, and
blood vessel abnormalities.<br />
<div class="note">
<sup>3</sup>Emerick KM, Rand EB, Goldmuntz E, Krantz ID,
Spinner NB, Piccoli DA. Features of Alagille syndrome in 92 patients:
frequency and relation to prognosis. <em>Hepatology.</em> 1999;29(3):822–829.</div>
<br />
<h3 id="points">
Points to Remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>Alagille syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person has
fewer than the normal number of bile ducts in the liver. The symptoms of
Alagille syndrome are usually seen in the first 2 years of life.</li>
<li>Alagille syndrome is a complex disorder that can affect the
liver and other parts of the body such as the heart, kidneys, blood
vessels, eyes, face, and skeleton.</li>
<li>Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means it can be inherited from one parent who has the disorder.</li>
<li>Alagille syndrome is most often caused by a mutation, or defect, in the <em>Jagged1 (JAG1)</em> gene.</li>
<li>Infants with Alagille syndrome may have symptoms of poor bile drainage from the liver in the first few weeks of life.</li>
<li>Alagille syndrome can affect other parts of the body in ways that may help doctors distinguish it from other liver conditions.</li>
<li>Because the symptoms of Alagille syndrome vary and because the
syndrome is so rare, the disorder can be difficult to diagnose. The
doctor may use the following to make a diagnosis: evaluation of the
symptoms of Alagille syndrome, liver function tests, a liver biopsy, a
blood test to look for a <em>JAG1</em> gene mutation, and a genetic workup.</li>
<li>Treatment for Alagille syndrome is aimed at increasing the flow
of bile from the liver, promoting growth and development, and making the
person as comfortable as possible.</li>
<li>In some cases, Alagille syndrome will progress to end-stage liver failure and require a liver transplant.</li>
<li>Research studies report that 75 percent of children with
Alagille syndrome live to at least 20 years of age. Deaths in people
with Alagille syndrome are most often caused by liver failure, heart
problems, and blood vessel abnormalities.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="hope">
Hope through Research</h3>
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases'
Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition supports basic and
clinical research into liver diseases, including Alagille syndrome.
Studies are under way to<br />
<ul>
<li>explain the many ways Alagille syndrome presents in people</li>
<li>focus on the interaction between <em>JAG1</em> and other genes and on identifying new genes that might cause Alagille syndrome</li>
<li>translate findings about bile formation and secretion into treatments to reverse or cure Alagille syndrome</li>
<li>target the exact cause of pruritus and develop a curative treatment</li>
<li>develop a gene therapy for liver disease in newborns that could be used to treat Alagille syndrome</li>
</ul>
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their
own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are
widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research.
For information about current studies, visit <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.ClinicalTrials.gov</a>.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="info">
For More Information</h3>
<strong>Alagille Syndrome Alliance</strong><br />
10500 SW Starr Drive<br />
Tualatin, OR 97062<br />
Phone: 503–885–0455<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:alagille@alagille.org">alagille@alagille.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.alagille.org/">www.alagille.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>American Liver Foundation</strong><br />
75 Maiden Lane, Suite 603<br />
New York, NY 10038–4810<br />
Phone: 1–800–GO–LIVER (465–4837) or 212–668–1000<br />
Fax: 212–483–8179<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:info@liverfoundation.org">info@liverfoundation.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.liverfoundation.org/">www.liverfoundation.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>Children's Liver Association for Support Services</strong><br />
25379 Wayne Mills Place, Suite 143<br />
Valencia, CA 91355<br />
Phone: 1–877–679–8256<br />
Fax: 661–263–9099<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:info@classkids.org">info@classkids.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.classkids.org/">www.classkids.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>United Network for Organ Sharing</strong><br />
P.O. Box 2484<br />
Richmond, VA 23218<br />
Phone: 1–888–894–6361 or 804–782–4800<br />
Fax: 804–782–4817<br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.unos.org/">www.unos.org</a> <a href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimers.aspx"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-45228936996799252282014-01-06T08:31:00.001+06:002014-01-06T08:31:21.132+06:00Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Adults<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul>
<li>What is GER?</li>
<li>What is GERD?</li>
<li>What causes GERD?</li>
<li>What is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?</li>
<li>What are the symptoms of GERD?</li>
<li>How is GERD diagnosed?</li>
<li>How is GERD treated?</li>
<li>What are the long-term complications of GERD?</li>
<li>Eating, Diet, and Nutrition</li>
<li>Points to Remember</li>
<li>Hope through Research</li>
<li>For More Information </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="GER">
What is GER?</h3>
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs
when stomach contents flow back up into the
esophagus—the muscular tube that carries
food and liquids from the mouth to the
stomach.<br />
GER is also called acid reflux or acid
regurgitation because the stomach’s digestive
juices contain acid. Sometimes people with
GER can taste food or acidic fluid in the
back of the mouth. Refluxed stomach acid
that touches the lining of the esophagus
can cause heartburn. Also called acid
indigestion, heartburn is an uncomfortable,
burning feeling in the midchest, behind
the breastbone, or in the upper part of the
abdomen—the area between the chest and
the hips.<br />
Occasional GER is common. People may be
able to control GER by<br />
<ul>
<li>avoiding foods and beverages that
contribute to heartburn, such as
chocolate, coffee, peppermint, greasy
or spicy foods, tomato products, and
alcoholic beverages</li>
<li>avoiding overeating</li>
<li>quitting smoking</li>
<li>losing weight if they are overweight</li>
<li>not eating 2 to 3 hours before sleep</li>
<li>taking over-the-counter medications</li>
</ul>
Read more about over-the-counter
medications in the section “How is GERD
treated?”<br />
<br />
<h3 id="GERD">
What is GERD?</h3>
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is
a more serious, chronic––or long lasting––form of GER. GER that occurs more
than twice a week for a few weeks could
be GERD, which over time can lead to
more serious health problems. People with
suspected GERD should see a health care
provider.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="cause">
What causes GERD?</h3>
Gastroesophageal reflux disease results when
the lower esophageal sphincter—the muscle
that acts as a valve between the esophagus
and stomach—becomes weak or relaxes
when it should not, causing stomach contents
to rise up into the esophagus.<br />
Abnormalities in the body such as hiatal
hernias may also cause GERD. Hiatal
hernias occur when the upper part of the
stomach moves up into the chest. The
stomach can slip through an opening found
in the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the
muscle wall that separates the stomach from
the chest. Hiatal hernias may cause GERD
because of stomach acid flowing back up
through the opening; however, most produce
no symptoms.<br />
Other factors that can contribute to GERD
include<br />
<ul>
<li>obesity</li>
<li>pregnancy</li>
<li>certain medications, such as asthma
medications, calcium channel blockers,
and many antihistamines, pain killers,
sedatives, and antidepressants</li>
<li>smoking, or inhaling secondhand smoke</li>
</ul>
People of all ages can develop GERD, some
for unknown reasons.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="gitract">
What is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?</h3>
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs
joined in a long, twisting tube from the
mouth to the anus. The movement of
muscles in the GI tract, along with the
release of hormones and enzymes, starts
the digestion of food. The upper GI tract
includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and duodenum, which is the
first part of the small intestine.<br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt="Illustration of the digestive tract within an outline of the top half of a human body. Inset shows a cross section of the stomach. " src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gerd/images/GER_GERD_Adults_GITract.jpg" /></a><br />
<span class="caption">GERD results when the lower esophageal
sphincter—the muscle that acts as a valve between the esophagus and
stomach—becomes weak or relaxes when it should not, causing stomach
contents to rise up into the esophagus.</span><br />
<br />
<h3 id="symptoms">
What are the symptoms of GERD?</h3>
The main symptom of GERD is frequent
heartburn, though some adults with GERD
do not have heartburn. Other common
GERD symptoms include<br />
<ul>
<li>a dry, chronic cough</li>
<li>wheezing</li>
<li>asthma and recurrent pneumonia</li>
<li>nausea</li>
<li>vomiting</li>
<li>a sore throat, hoarseness, or laryngitis—swelling and irritation of the voice box</li>
<li>difficulty swallowing or painful
swallowing</li>
<li>pain in the chest or the upper part of
the abdomen</li>
<li>dental erosion and bad breath</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="diagnosis">
How is GERD diagnosed?</h3>
A health care provider may refer people with
suspected GERD to a gastroenterologist—a
doctor who specializes in digestive diseases—for diagnosis and treatment.<br />
Lifestyle changes and medications are often
the first lines of treatment for suspected
GERD. If symptoms improve with these
treatment methods, a GERD diagnosis
often does not require testing. However,
to confirm a diagnosis, a person may need
testing if symptoms do not improve. People
with possible GERD who have trouble
swallowing also may require testing.<br />
A completely accurate test for diagnosing
GERD does not exist. However, several
tests can help with diagnosis:<br />
<strong>Upper GI series.</strong> While a gastroenterologist
does not use an upper GI series to diagnose
acid reflux or GERD, the test can provide
a look at the shape of the upper GI tract.
An x-ray technician performs this test at
a hospital or an outpatient center, and a
radiologist—a doctor who specializes in
medical imaging—interprets the images.
This test does not require anesthesia. No
eating or drinking is allowed before the
procedure, as directed by the health care
staff. People should check with their
gastroenterologist about what to do to
prepare for an upper GI series.<br />
During the procedure, the person will stand
or sit in front of an x-ray machine and drink
barium, a chalky liquid. Barium coats the
esophagus, stomach, and small intestine so
the radiologist and gastroenterologist can
see theses organs’ shapes more clearly on
x rays. The barium shows problems related
to GERD, such as hiatal hernias. While an
upper GI series cannot detect mild irritation,
the test can detect esophageal strictures—narrowing of the esophagus that can result
from GERD—as well as ulcers, or sores.<br />
A person may experience bloating and
nausea for a short time after the test. For
several days afterward, barium liquid in
the GI tract causes white or light-colored
stools. A health care provider will give the
person specific instructions about eating and
drinking after the test.<br />
<strong>Upper endoscopy.</strong> A gastroenterologist
may use an upper endoscopy, also known
as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy, if a
person continues to have GERD symptoms
despite lifestyle changes and treatment
with medications. An upper endoscopy is a
common test used to evaluate the severity
of GERD. This procedure involves using
an endoscope—a small, flexible tube with a
light—to see the upper GI tract.<br />
A gastroenterologist performs this test at
a hospital or an outpatient center. The
person may receive a liquid anesthetic that is
gargled or sprayed on the back of the throat.
If sedation is used, a health care provider
will place an intravenous (IV) needle in the
person’s vein.<br />
After the person receives sedation, the
gastroenterologist carefully feeds an
endoscope through the mouth and down
the esophagus, then into the stomach and
duodenum. A small camera mounted on
the endoscope transmits a video image to a
monitor, allowing close examination of the
intestinal lining. The gastroenterologist uses
the endoscope to take a biopsy, a procedure
that involves taking a small piece of
esophageal tissue. A pathologist—a doctor
who specializes in diagnosing diseases—will
examine the tissue with a microscope and
determine the extent of inflammation.<br />
A gastroenterologist diagnoses GERD when
the test shows injury to the esophagus in
a person who has had moderate to severe
GERD symptoms.<br />
<strong>Esophageal pH monitoring.</strong> The most
accurate test to detect acid reflux, esophageal
pH monitoring measures the amount of
liquid or acid in the esophagus as the person
goes about normal activities, including eating
and sleeping. A gastroenterologist performs
this test at a hospital or an outpatient center
as a part of an upper endoscopy. The person
can remain awake during the test. Sedation
is not required for the test; however, it can
be used if necessary.<br />
A gastroenterologist will pass a thin tube,
called a nasogastric probe, through the
person’s nose or mouth to the stomach. The
gastroenterologist will then pull the tube
back into the esophagus, where it will be
taped to the person’s cheek and remain in
place for 24 hours. The end of the tube in
the esophagus has a small probe to measure
when and how much liquid or acid comes up
into the esophagus. The other end of the
tube, attached to a monitor outside the body,
shows the measurements taken.<br />
This test is most useful when combined with
a carefully kept diary of when, what, and
how much food the person eats and GERD
symptoms that result. The gastroenterologist
can see correlations between symptoms and
certain foods or times of day. The procedure
can also help show whether reflux triggers
respiratory symptoms.<br />
<strong>Esophageal manometry.</strong> Esophageal
manometry measures muscle contractions
in the esophagus. A gastroenterologist may
order this test when considering a person for
anti-reflux surgery. The gastroenterologist
performs this test during an office visit. A
person may receive anesthetic spray on
the inside of the nostrils or back of the
throat. The gastroenterologist passes a
soft, thin tube through the person’s nose
into the stomach. The person swallows as
the gastroenterologist pulls the tube slowly
back into the esophagus. A computer
measures and records the pressure of the
muscle contractions in different parts of the
esophagus. The test can show if symptoms
are due to a weak sphincter muscle. A
health care provider can also use the test to
diagnose other disorders of the esophagus
that might have similar symptoms as
heartburn. Most people can resume regular
activity, eating, and medications right after
the test.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="treatment">
How is GERD treated?</h3>
Treatment for GERD may involve one or
more of the following, depending on the
severity of symptoms: lifestyle changes,
medications, or surgery.<br />
<h4>
Lifestyle Changes</h4>
Some people can reduce GERD symptoms by<br />
<ul>
<li>losing weight, if needed</li>
<li>wearing loose-fitting clothing around
the stomach area, as tight clothing can
constrict the area and increase reflux</li>
<li>remaining upright for 3 hours after
meals</li>
<li>raising the head of the bed 6 to 8 inches
by securing wood blocks under the
bedposts––just using extra pillows will
not help</li>
<li>avoiding smoking and being around
others who are smoking</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Medications</h4>
People can purchase many GERD
medications without a prescription; however,
people with persistent symptoms should still
see a health care provider.<br />
<strong>Antacids,</strong> which include over-the-counter
medications such as Alka-Seltzer, Maalox,
Mylanta, Rolaids, and Riopan, are a first-line
approach health care providers usually
recommend to relieve heartburn and other
mild GERD symptoms. Antacids, however,
can have side effects, including diarrhea and
constipation.<br />
<strong>H2 blockers,</strong> such as cimetidine (Tagamet
HB), famotidine (Pepcid AC), nizatidine
(Axid AR), and ranitidine (Zantac 75),
decrease acid production. These medications
are available in both over-the-counter and
prescription strengths. H2 blockers provide
short-term or on-demand relief and are
effective for many people with GERD
symptoms. They can also help heal the
esophagus, although not as well as proton
pump inhibitors (PPIs).<br />
<strong>PPIs</strong> include omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid),
lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantoprazole
(Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex), and
esomeprazole (Nexium), which are
available by prescription. Omeprazole and
lansoprazole also come in over-the-counter
strength. PPIs are more effective than
H2 blockers and can relieve symptoms and
heal the esophageal lining in most people
with GERD. Health care providers most
commonly prescribe PPIs for long-term
management of GERD. However, studies
show people who take PPIs long term or in
high doses are more likely to have hip, wrist,
and spinal fractures. People should take
these medications on an empty stomach in
order for stomach acid to activate them.<br />
<strong>Prokinetics,</strong> which include bethanechol
(Urecholine) and metoclopramide
(Reglan), help make the stomach empty
faster. However, both bethanechol and
metoclopramide have side effects that often
limit their use, including nausea, diarrhea,
tiredness, depression, anxiety, and problems
with physical movement. Prokinetics can
interact with other medications, so people
taking prokinetic agents should tell their
health care provider about all medications
they are taking.<br />
<strong>Antibiotics,</strong> including one called
erythromycin, have been shown to
improve gastric emptying. Erythromycin
has fewer side effects than bethanechol
and metoclopramide; however, like all
antibiotics, it can cause diarrhea.<br />
All of these medications work in different
ways, so combinations of medications may
help control symptoms. People who get
heartburn after eating may take antacids
and H2 blockers. The antacids neutralize
stomach acid, and the H2 blockers stop acid
production. By the time the antacids stop
working, the H2 blockers have stopped acid
production.<br />
<h4>
Surgery</h4>
When a person cannot manage severe
GERD symptoms through medication or
lifestyle changes, a health care provider may
recommend surgery. A health care provider
may also recommend surgery for GERD
that results from a physical abnormality or
for GERD symptoms that lead to severe
respiratory problems. Fundoplication is the
standard surgical treatment for GERD and
leads to long-term reflux control in most
cases. A gastroenterologist or surgeon may
also use endoscopic techniques to treat
GERD. However, the success rates of
endoscopic techniques are not completely
known, as researchers have not tested them
enough in clinical trials. People are more
likely to develop complications from surgery
than from medications. Anti-reflux surgery
is most successful in people younger than 50.<br />
<strong>Fundoplication</strong> is an operation to sew the
top of the stomach around the esophagus
to add pressure to the lower end of the
esophagus and reduce reflux. A surgeon
performs fundoplication using a laparoscope,
a thin tube with a tiny video camera attached
used to look inside the body. The surgeon
performs the operation at a hospital or an
outpatient center, and the person receives
general anesthesia. People can leave the
hospital or outpatient center in 1 to 3 days
and return to their daily activities in 2 to
3 weeks.<br />
<strong>Endoscopic techniques,</strong> such as
endoscopic sewing and radiofrequency,
help control GERD in a small number
of people. Endoscopic sewing uses small
stitches to tighten the sphincter muscle.
Radiofrequency creates heat lesions that
help tighten the sphincter muscle. Surgery
for both techniques requires an endoscope.
A surgeon performs the operation at a
hospital or an outpatient center, and the
person receives anesthesia. Although the
devices for these procedures are approved,
results may not be as good as laparoscopic
surgery, and these procedures are not
commonly used.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="complications">
What are the long-term complications of GERD?</h3>
Untreated GERD can sometimes cause
serious complications over time, including<br />
<ul>
<li>esophagitis—irritation of the esophagus
from refluxed stomach acid that
damages the lining and causes bleeding
or ulcers. Adults who have chronic
esophagitis over many years are more
likely to develop precancerous changes
in the esophagus.</li>
<li>strictures that lead to swallowing
difficulties.</li>
<li>respiratory problems, such as trouble
breathing.</li>
<li>Barrett’s esophagus, a condition in
which the tissue lining the esophagus
is replaced by tissue similar to the
lining of the intestine. A small number
of people with Barrett’s esophagus
develop a rare yet often deadly type
of cancer of the esophagus. Read
more in <em>Barrett's Esophagus</em> </li>
</ul>
A health care provider should monitor a
person with GERD to prevent or treat long-term
complications.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="eating">
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition</h3>
People with GERD can often reduce reflux
by avoiding foods and drinks that worsen
symptoms. Other dietary changes that can
help reduce symptoms include decreasing
fat intake and eating small, frequent meals
instead of three large meals. People who
are overweight can talk with a health care
provider about dietary changes that can
help them lose weight, which may decrease
GERD symptoms.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="points">
Points to Remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
occurs when stomach contents flow
back up into the esophagus.</li>
<li>GER is also called acid reflux or
acid regurgitation because the
stomach’s digestive juices contain
acid.</li>
<li>Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) is a more serious, chronic
form of GER.</li>
<li>GERD results when the lower
esophageal sphincter becomes
weak or relaxes when it should not,
causing stomach contents to rise up
into the esophagus.</li>
<li>The main symptom of GERD is
frequent heartburn, though some
adults with GERD do not have
heartburn.</li>
<li>Other common GERD symptoms
include asthma or recurrent
pneumonia, difficulty swallowing or
painful swallowing, and pain in the
chest.</li>
<li>A health care provider may refer
people with suspected GERD to
a gastroenterologist for diagnosis
and treatment.</li>
<li>Treatment for GERD may involve
one or more of the following,
depending on the severity of
symptoms: lifestyle changes,
medications, or surgery.</li>
<li>A health care provider should
monitor a person with GERD
to prevent or treat long-term
complications.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="hope">
Hope through Research</h3>
The Division of Digestive Diseases and
Nutrition at the National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK) supports basic and clinical
research into GI diseases, including GER
and GERD.<br />
Clinical trials are research studies involving
people. Clinical trials look at safe and
effective new ways to prevent, detect, or
treat disease. Researchers also use clinical
trials to look at other aspects of care, such
as improving the quality of life for people
with chronic illnesses. To learn more about
clinical trials, why they matter, and how to
participate, visit the NIH Clinical Research
Trials and You website at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials">www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials</a>. For information about current
studies, visit <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.ClinicalTrials.gov</a>.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="info">
For More Information</h3>
<strong>American College of Gastroenterology</strong><br />
6400 Goldsboro Road, Suite 200<br />
Bethesda, MD 20817–5846<br />
Phone: 301–263–9000<br />
Fax: 301–263–9025<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:info@acg.gi.org">info@acg.gi.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.gi.org/">www.gi.org</a><a href="http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/Footer/Disclaimer.htm"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" title="" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>American Gastroenterological Association</strong><br />
4930 Del Ray Avenue<br />
Bethesda, MD 20814<br />
Phone: 301–654–2055<br />
Fax: 301–654–5920<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:member@gastro.org">member@gastro.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.gastro.org/">www.gastro.org</a><a href="http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/Footer/Disclaimer.htm"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-31447837262910751082014-01-06T08:24:00.001+06:002014-01-06T08:24:35.517+06:00Abdominal Adhesions Symptoms Diagnosis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">What are abdominal adhesions?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">What is the abdominal cavity?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">What causes abdominal adhesions?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">How common are abdominal adhesions and who is at risk?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> What are the symptoms of abdominal adhesions?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">What are the complications of abdominal adhesions?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Seek Help for Emergency Symptoms</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions diagnosed?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions treated?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">How can abdominal adhesions be prevented?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Eating, Diet, and Nutrition</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Points to Remember</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hope through Research</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">For More Information</span></li>
</ul>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="what" name="what"></a>
<h3>
What are abdominal adhesions?</h3>
Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous
tissue that can form between abdominal
tissues and organs. Normally, internal tissues
and organs have slippery surfaces, preventing
them from sticking together as the body
moves. However, abdominal adhesions
cause tissues and organs in the abdominal
cavity to stick together. <br />
<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/"><img alt="abdominal " height="451" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/intestinaladhesions/images/DigestiveSystem.jpg" title="" width="270" /></a><br />
<span class="caption">Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue that can form between abdominal tissues and organs.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="cavity" name="cavity"></a>
<h3>
What is the abdominal cavity? </h3>
The abdominal cavity is the internal
area of the body between the chest and
hips that contains the lower part of the
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and
large intestine. The esophagus carries food
and liquids from the mouth to the stomach,
which slowly pumps them into the small
and large intestines. Abdominal adhesions
can kink, twist, or pull the small and large
intestines out of place, causing an intestinal
obstruction. Intestinal obstruction, also
called a bowel obstruction, results in the
partial or complete blockage of movement of
food or stool through the intestines.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="cause" name="cause"></a>
<h3>
What causes abdominal
adhesions?</h3>
Abdominal surgery is the most frequent
cause of abdominal adhesions. Surgery-related causes include <br />
<ul>
<li>
cuts involving internal organs
</li>
<li>handling of internal organs</li>
<li>drying out of internal organs and tissues</li>
<li>contact of internal tissues with foreign materials, such as gauze, surgical gloves, and stitches</li>
<li>blood or blood clots that were not rinsed away during surgery</li>
</ul>
Abdominal adhesions can also result from inflammation not related to surgery, including<br />
<ul>
<li>appendix rupture</li>
<li>radiation treatment</li>
<li>gynecological infections</li>
<li>abdominal infections</li>
</ul>
Rarely, abdominal adhesions form without apparent cause.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="risk" name="risk"></a><br />
<h3>
How common are abdominal
adhesions and who is at risk? </h3>
Of patients who undergo abdominal
surgery, 93 percent develop abdominal
adhesions.<sup>1</sup> Surgery in the lower abdomen
and pelvis, including bowel and gynecological
operations, carries an even greater chance of
abdominal adhesions. Abdominal adhesions
can become larger and tighter as time passes,
sometimes causing problems years after
surgery. <br />
<div id="note_1">
<sup>1</sup>Ward BC, Panitch A. Abdominal adhesions: current and novel therapies. <em>Journal of Surgical Research</em>. 2011;165(1):91–111.</div>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="symptoms" name="symptoms"></a>
<h3>
What are the symptoms of abdominal adhesions? </h3>
In most cases, abdominal adhesions do
not cause symptoms. When symptoms are
present, chronic abdominal pain is the most
common. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="complications" name="complications"></a>
<h3>
What are the complications of abdominal adhesions? </h3>
Abdominal adhesions can cause intestinal
obstruction and female infertility—the
inability to become pregnant after a year of
trying. <br />
Abdominal adhesions can lead to female
infertility by preventing fertilized eggs
from reaching the uterus, where fetal
development takes place. Women with
abdominal adhesions in or around their
fallopian tubes have an increased chance of
ectopic pregnancy—a fertilized egg growing
outside the uterus. Abdominal adhesions
inside the uterus may result in repeated
miscarriages—a pregnancy failure before
20 weeks.
<br />
<br />
<div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;">
<strong>Seek Help for Emergency Symptoms </strong><br />
A complete intestinal obstruction is life threatening and requires
immediate medical attention and often surgery. Symptoms of an intestinal
obstruction include<br />
<ul>
<li>severe abdominal pain or cramping</li>
<li> nausea</li>
<li>vomiting</li>
<li> bloating </li>
<li>loud bowel sounds</li>
<li>abdominal swelling</li>
<li> the inability to have a bowel
movement or pass gas</li>
<li>constipation—a condition in which a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week; the bowel movements may be painful </li>
</ul>
A person with these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately.<br />
</div>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="diagnosed" name="diagnosed"></a>
<h3>
How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions diagnosed?</h3>
Abdominal adhesions cannot be detected
by tests or seen through imaging
techniques such as x rays or ultrasound.
Most abdominal adhesions are found
during surgery performed to examine the
abdomen. However, abdominal x rays,
a lower gastrointestinal (GI) series, and
computerized tomography (CT) scans can
diagnose intestinal obstructions. <br />
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Abdominal x rays</strong>
use a small amount
of radiation to create an image that is
recorded on film or a computer. An
x ray is performed at a hospital or an
outpatient center by an x-ray technician,
and the images are interpreted by a
radiologist—a doctor who specializes
in medical imaging. An x ray does not
require anesthesia. The person will
lie on a table or stand during the x ray.
The x-ray machine is positioned over
the abdominal area. The person will
hold his or her breath as the picture
is taken so that the picture will not be
blurry. The person may be asked to
change position for additional pictures.
</li>
<li>A<strong> lower GI series</strong> is an x-ray exam that
is used to look at the large intestine.
The test is performed at a hospital or an
outpatient center by an x-ray technician,
and the images are interpreted by a
radiologist. Anesthesia is not needed.
The health care provider may provide
written bowel prep instructions to
follow at home before the test. The
person may be asked to follow a clear
liquid diet for 1 to 3 days before the procedure. A laxative or an enema
may be used before the test. A laxative
is medication that loosens stool and
increases bowel movements. An enema
involves fl ushing water or laxative into
the rectum using a special squirt bottle.
For the test, the person will lie on a
table while the radiologist inserts a flexible tube into the person’s anus.
The large intestine is fi lled with barium,
making signs of underlying problems
show up more clearly on x rays.
<br />
</li>
<li><strong>CT scans</strong> use a combination of x rays
and computer technology to create
images. The procedure is performed
at a hospital or an outpatient center by
an x-ray technician, and the images are
interpreted by a radiologist. Anesthesia
is not needed. A CT scan may include
the injection of a special dye, called
contrast medium. The person will lie on
a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped
device where the x rays are taken. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="treated" name="treated"></a>
<h3 id="treated">
How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions treated? </h3>
Abdominal adhesions that do not cause
symptoms generally do not require
treatment. Surgery is the only way to treat
abdominal adhesions that cause pain,
intestinal obstruction, or fertility problems.
More surgery, however, carries the risk of
additional abdominal adhesions. People
should speak with their health care provider
about the best way to treat their abdominal
adhesions. <br />
Complete intestinal obstructions usually
require immediate surgery to clear
the blockage. Most partial intestinal
obstructions can be managed without
surgery.<br />
<br />
<h3 id="prevented">
How can abdominal adhesions be prevented? </h3>
Abdominal adhesions are diffi cult to prevent;
however, certain surgical techniques can
minimize abdominal adhesions. <br />
Laparoscopic surgery decreases the potential
for abdominal adhesions because several tiny
incisions are made in the lower abdomen
instead of one large incision. The surgeon
inserts a laparoscope—a thin tube with a
tiny video camera attached—into one of
the small incisions. The camera sends a
magnified image from inside the body to a
video monitor. Patients will usually receive
general anesthesia during this surgery. <br />
If laparoscopic surgery is not possible and a
large abdominal incision is required, at the
end of surgery a special fi lmlike material
can be inserted between organs or between
the organs and the abdominal incision. The
fi lmlike material, which looks similar to wax
paper and is absorbed by the body in about
a week, hydrates organs to help prevent
abdominal adhesions. <br />
Other steps taken during surgery to reduce
abdominal adhesions include <br />
<ul>
<li>using starch- and latex-free gloves</li>
<li>handling tissues and organs gently</li>
<li>shortening surgery time </li>
<li>using moistened drapes and swabs</li>
<li>occasionally applying saline solution</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="eatingtreated2">
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition</h3>
Researchers have not found that eating,
diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or
preventing abdominal adhesions. A person
with a partial intestinal obstruction may
relieve symptoms with a liquid or low- fiber
diet, which is more easily broken down into
smaller particles by the digestive system.
<br />
<br />
<h3 id="points">
Points to Remember</h3>
<ul>
<li>Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue that can form
between abdominal tissues and organs. Abdominal adhesions cause tissues
and organs in the abdominal cavity to stick together.</li>
<li>Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal
adhesions. Of patients who undergo abdominal surgery, 93 percent develop
abdominal adhesions.</li>
<li>In most cases, abdominal adhesions do not cause symptoms. When symptoms are present, chronic abdominal pain is the most common.</li>
<li>A complete intestinal obstruction is life threatening and requires immediate medical attention and often surgery.</li>
<li>Abdominal adhesions cannot be detected by tests or seen through
imaging techniques such as x rays or ultrasound. However, abdominal x
rays, a lower gastrointestinal (GI) series, and computerized tomography
(CT) scans can diagnose intestinal obstructions.</li>
<li>Surgery is the only way to treat abdominal adhesions that cause pain, intestinal obstruction, or fertility problems.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 id="hope">
Hope through Research</h3>
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK) conducts and supports basic and clinical research into many
digestive disorders.<br />
Clinical trials are research studies involving people. Clinical
trials look at safe and effective new ways to prevent, detect, or treat
disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at other aspects
of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic
illnesses. To learn more about clinical trials, why they matter, and how
to participate, visit the NIH Clinical Research Trials and You website
at <a href="http://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials">www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials</a>. For information about current studies, visit <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.ClinicalTrials.gov</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="info" name="info"></a>
<h3>
For More Information</h3>
<strong>American College of Gastroenterology</strong><br />
6400 Goldsboro Road, Suite 200<br />
Bethesda, MD 20817–5846<br />
Phone: 301–263–9000<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:info@acg.gi.org">info@acg.gi.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.acg.gi.org/">www.gi.org</a><a href="http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/Footer/Disclaimer.htm"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a><br />
<strong>International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders</strong><br />
700 West Virginia Street, Suite 201<br />
Milwaukee, WI 53204<br />
Phone: 1–888–964–2001 or 414–964–1799<br />
Fax: 414–964–7176<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:iffgd@iffgd.org">iffgd@iffgd.org</a><br />
Internet: <a href="http://www.iffgd.org/">www.iffgd.org</a><a href="http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/Footer/Disclaimer.htm"><img alt="leaving site icon" border="0" height="10" src="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/images/exit_small.gif" width="10" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-40054896605008126602013-12-17T07:11:00.007+06:002014-01-04T08:35:43.176+06:00Acoustic Neuroma treatment ppt<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<h2 id="nav-0">
What is an acoustic neuroma?</h2>
An acoustic neuroma is a rare type of brain tumour (growth). It is a benign (noncancerous) tumour.<br />
<br />
The tumour grows along a nerve in the brain (a cranial nerve) that is called the acoustic or <b>vestibulocochlear nerve</b>. This nerve controls your sense of hearing and balance.<br />
<br />
Acoustic
neuromas grow from a type of cell called a Schwann cell. These cells
cover and insulate nerve cells. This is why the tumour is also called a <b>vestibular schwannoma</b>.<br />
<br />
Acoustic
neuromas tend to grow very slowly and they don't spread to distant
parts of the body. Sometimes they are too small to cause any problems or
symptoms. Bigger acoustic neuromas can interfere with the function of
the vestibulocochlear nerve.<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
What is the cause of acoustic neuromas?</h2>
The cause of most acoustic neuromas is unknown.<br />
<br />
About 7 out of every 100 acoustic neuromas are caused by <b>neurofibromatosis type 2</b>
(NF2). NF2 is a very rare genetic disorder that causes benign tumours
of the nervous system. It affects about 1 in 350,000 people. Almost
everyone with NF2 develops an acoustic neuroma on both acoustic nerves
(ie, bilateral tumours). People with NF2 can also get benign tumours on
the spinal cord and the coverings of the brain.<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
How common are acoustic neuromas?</h2>
Acoustic neuromas are rare. About 13 people in every million are diagnosed each year with an acoustic neuroma in the UK.<br />
<br />
Brain
tumours themselves are rare. Brain tumours can be benign (noncancerous)
or malignant (cancerous). Brain tumours are divided into two main
groups:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Primary brain tumours</b> originate in the brain. An acoustic neuroma is a primary brain tumour.</li>
<li><b>Secondary brain tumours</b>
are tumours in the brain that have spread from other parts of the body.
They are often referred to a secondaries or brain metastases. These are
malignant tumours.</li>
</ul>
Acoustic neuromas account for about 8 in
100 primary brain tumours. They are more common in middle-aged adults,
generally between the ages of 30 and 60 years and extremely rare in
children.<br />
<br />
Acoustic neuromas seem to be more common in women than men.<br />
<h2 id="nav-3">
What are the symptoms of an acoustic neuroma?</h2>
A
small acoustic neuroma may cause no symptoms. If you do get symptoms
from an acoustic neuroma, these may develop very gradually, as the
tumour is so slow-growing.<br />
<br />
The symptoms that an acoustic neuroma
can cause are very common in the general population. Remember that
acoustic neuromas are very rare. You should see your doctor if you have
any of these symptoms, but they are more likely to be due to other
conditions than a brain tumour.<br />
<br />
<b>The most common symptoms</b> of an acoustic neuroma are:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Hearing loss</b>.
Some degree of deafness occurs in 9 in 10 people with an acoustic
neuroma. Usually hearing loss is gradual and affects one ear. (Remember
old age and earwax are much more common causes of deafness.) The type of
deafness caused is called sensorineural deafness and means the nerve
for hearing (the acoustic nerve) is damaged. Hearing tests with a tuning
fork can help to determine if the deafness is due to a nerve problem,
or whether it is more likely due to a blockage in the ear (also known as
conductive deafness).</li>
<li><b>Tinnitus</b>. This is the
medical name for ringing in the ears. About 7 in 10 people with an
acoustic neuroma have tinnitus in one ear. The sounds can vary; it does
not have to be ringing like a bell. Tinnitus describes any sounds heard
within the ear when there is no external sound being made. Tinnitus is a
common symptom and not a disease in itself. Other causes of tinnitus
include earwax, ear infections, ageing and noise-induced hearing loss.</li>
</ul>
Other, common symptoms of acoustic neuroma include:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Vertigo</b>.
This is the sensation of the room spinning, often described as
dizziness. It is not a fear of heights as some people incorrectly think.
This feeling of movement occurs even when you are standing still.
Vertigo can be caused by other conditions affecting the inner ear.
Nearly half of people with an acoustic neuroma have this symptom, but
less than 1 in 10 have it as their first symptom.</li>
<li><b>Facial numbness, tingling or pain</b>.
These symptoms are due to pressure from the acoustic neuroma on other
nerves. The commonly affected nerve is called the trigeminal nerve which
controls feeling in the face. About 1 in 4 people with acoustic neuroma
has some facial numbness - this is a more common symptom than weakness
of the facial muscles. However, it is often an unnoticed symptom.
Similar symptoms can occur with other problems, such as trigeminal
neuralgia or a tumour growing on the facial nerve (a facial neuroma).</li>
</ul>
Less common symptoms of acoustic neuroma are:<br />
<ul>
<li>Headache.
This is a relatively rare symptom of an acoustic neuroma. It can occur
if the tumour is big enough to block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) in the brain. CSF is the clear, nourishing fluid that flows around
the brain and spinal cord, protecting the delicate structures from
physical and chemical harm. Obstruction to the flow and drainage of CSF
can cause a problem called hydrocephalus (also known as water on the
brain). This results in increased pressure and swelling, and the brain
effectively becomes squashed within the skull. This can cause headache
and, if untreated, brain damage.</li>
<li>Earache. This is another rare symptom of acoustic neuroma. There are many more common causes of earache.</li>
<li>Visual problems. Again, this is a rare symptom. If it does happen, it is due to hydrocephalus (see above).</li>
<li>Tiredness
and lack of energy. These are nonspecific symptoms and can be due to
many causes. It is possible that a nonmalignant brain tumour <i>could</i> lead to this.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h2 id="nav-9">
Further support and information</h2>
<h3>
British Acoustic Neuroma Association</h3>
Web: <a href="http://www.bana-uk.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.bana-uk.com</a><br />
A
site designed and developed by people affected by acoustic neuroma.
There are public areas to the website and an opportunity to become a
member of the association.<br />
<h3>
Action on Hearing Loss</h3>
Web: <a href="http://www.actiononhearingloss.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.actiononhearingloss.org.uk</a><br />
Formerly
the RNID, they are a charitable organisation working on behalf of the
UK's 9 million deaf and hard of hearing people. The website offers
support, information and even an online shop for products to assist
people with impaired hearing.<br />
<h3>
The Neurofibromatosis Association</h3>
Web: <a href="http://www.nfauk.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.nfauk.org</a><br />
A UK-based organisation offering support and information for people affected by the diseases neurofibromatosis 1 and 2.</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com2Bangladesh23.684994 90.35633099999995516.257325 80.029182499999962 31.112662999999998 100.68347949999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-44415034853365258702013-12-17T07:03:00.000+06:002013-12-17T07:03:48.112+06:00Blocked Nose in Babies ('Snuffles')<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<h2 id="nav-0">
What causes snuffles?</h2>
Baby snuffles are usually
due to the normal mucus that may collect in a baby's nose. Snuffles are
not caused by colds or infections - although an infection can make
things worse. A baby who just has snuffles will be otherwise well, but
may snort when breathing. However, feeding can sometimes become
difficult if the baby cannot breathe very well through his or her nose.<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
What can I do?</h2>
<h3>
General measures</h3>
Nothing needs to be done if the baby is happy and able to feed. However, the following may help if feeding becomes difficult:<br />
<ul>
<li>Try
placing a bowl of warm water in the room where the baby sleeps. This
raises the humidity which may help to loosen thick mucus.</li>
<li>Try giving smaller but more frequent feeds.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br /><h3>
Advice from a health visitor or doctor</h3>
Most babies with
snuffles come to no harm and feed well, but perhaps more slowly and with
more difficulty than you would like. If you are concerned that feeding
is a problem then see your health visitor or doctor. For example, as a
last resort, your doctor may prescribe a decongestant nasal drop to use
for a few days if feeding is particularly difficult. However, do not
give your baby decongestant nose drops unless advised to do so from a
doctor, and only for the time prescribed. (Decongestant drops used for
too long can cause problems.)<br />
<h3>
Saline (salt water) nose drops</h3>
Saline drops may be useful if
the above measures do not help. Saline drops thin out the mucus and so
make it easier for the baby to clear the mucus from the nose. (Saline
seems to work better than just plain water.) You can buy saline drops
from a pharmacist who can also advise on how to use them. Only use the
drops just before feeds, and only if the nose is blocked. If saline is
used too often, the skin around the nose may become a little sore.<br />
<h3>
Nasal aspirators</h3>
It is not possible to give any advice on
whether to use a nasal aspirator (little sucker) or not. Some parents
buy one to suck mucus from the baby's nostrils before feeds. (They are
advertised on some websites.) There are no research trials to show how
effective they are, and there is some concern that they may do some harm
if not used carefully.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com1Bangladesh23.684994 90.35633099999995516.257325 80.029182499999962 31.112662999999998 100.68347949999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-90770193501941462862013-12-17T06:56:00.000+06:002013-12-17T06:56:45.113+06:00Topical Steroids<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 id="nav-0">
What are topical steroids?</h2>
Steroids (also known as
cortisone or corticosteroids) are hormones that occur naturally in the
body. Steroid medicines are man-made and are similar to the natural
hormones made in the body. The type of steroids used to treat disease
are called corticosteroids. They are different to the anabolic steroids
which some athletes and bodybuilders use. Anabolic steroids have very
different effects.<br /><br />Topical steroids available in the UK include:
alclometasone, betamethasone, budesonide, clobetasone, diflucortolone,
fluocinolone, fluticasone, fludroxycortide, hydrocortisone, mometasone,
and prednisolone.<br /><br />They come in various different brand names.
Topical steroids are available as creams, ointments, lotions,
suppositories, drops for the eyes nose and ears, sprays for the nose and
inhalers for the lungs. Some topical steroid preparations are also
combined with other medicines such as antibacterial and antifungal
medicines.<br /><br />Topical steroids mainly work by reducing inflammation in the part of the body they are applied to. They also work by:<br />
<ul>
<li>Suppressing the body's immune system.</li>
<li>Blocking DNA from being made.</li>
<li>Blocking a chemical called histamine which is released during an allergic reaction.</li>
</ul>
This
leaflet gives an overview of topical steroids, including their main
possible side-effects as well as other important information if you use
topical steroids. There are separate leaflets called Topical Steroids
for Eczema and Fingertip Units for Topical Steroids.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
When are topical steroids prescribed?</h2>
Topical steroids are prescribed to treat a large number of conditions. Some examples include conditions that affect the:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Skin</strong>, such as eczema, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis.</li>
<li><strong>Nose</strong>, such as allergic rhinitis (blocked, itchy, and runny nose), nasal polyps (non-cancerous swellings that grow inside the nose or sinuses), and hay fever.</li>
<li><strong>Lungs</strong>, such as asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - in which airflow to the lungs is restricted.</li>
<li><strong>Eyes</strong>, such as inflammation of the eye that may occur after you have eye surgery, an injury to the eye or an allergy affecting the eye.</li>
<li><strong>Ear</strong>, such as otitis externa (inflammation of the ear canal).</li>
<li><strong>Gut</strong>, such as inflammation of the gut cause by ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis (inflammation of the rectum).</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nav-1">
What types of topical steroids are there?</h2>
There
are many types and brands of topical steroid. However, they are
generally grouped into four categories depending on their strength -
mild, moderately potent, potent and very potent. There are various
brands and types in each category. For example, hydrocortisone cream 1%
is a commonly used steroid cream and is classed as a mild topical
steroid. The greater the strength (potency), the more effect it has on
reducing inflammation but the greater the risk of side-effects with
continued use.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-8">
What are the side-effects of topical steroids?</h2>
Most
people who use topical steroids have no side effects, or very few. How
likely you are to have side-effects depends on how long you use the
medicine for, how much is used or applied, and how potent the steroid
is.<br /><br />It is not possible to list all the side-effects here, but
listed below are some of the more common and important ones. For a full
list of side-effects see the leaflet that comes with your medicine.<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Creams and ointments</strong>
- burning and stinging may occur in the first two days but usually get
better after this. Other side-effects that have been reported include:
thinning of the skin, permanent stretch marks, allergic contact
dermatitis, acne, rosacea, and hair growth at the site of application.
However, the more serious of these would normally only affect you if you
use a potent or very potent steroid cream or ointment for long periods.</li>
<li><strong>Nasal sprays and drops</strong>
- dryness and irritation of the nose, as well as nosebleeds have been
reported. You may have to stop your nasal spray for a while if any of
these occur. Other side-effects include: reddening of the skin, rash,
itching, and headache. Some people have reported that their sense of
smell and taste is disturbed after using a nasal steroids.</li>
<li><strong>Eye drops</strong>
- increased pressure inside the eye, cataracts, and blurred vision have
been reported. Blurred vision clears very quickly after using an eye
drop. People using steroid eye drops are also more likely to have eye
infections and inflammation.</li>
<li><strong>Inhalers</strong> - <a href="http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Thrush-Oral.htm">oral thrush</a>,
sore mouth, and hoarseness (especially with high doses) have been
reported. In addition, wheezing after using an inhaled steroid can occur
but this is very rare and usually mild. If wheezing is severe, the
steroid should be stopped and you should speak to your doctor.</li>
</ul>
Some
topical steroid gets through the skin and into the bloodstream. The
amount is usually small and usually causes no problems unless strong
topical steroids are used regularly on large areas of the skin. The main
concern is with children who need frequent courses of strong topical
steroids. The steroid can have an effect on growth. Therefore, children
who need repeated courses of strong topical steroids should have their
growth monitored.<br />
<h2 id="nav-9">
How to use the Yellow Card Scheme</h2>
If
you think you have had a side-effect to one of your medicines you can
report this on the Yellow Card Scheme. You can do this online at the
following web address: <a href="http://www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard</a>.<br /><br />The
Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses
aware of any new side-effects that medicines may have caused. If you
wish to report a side-effect, you will need to provide basic information
about:<br />
<ul>
<li>The side-effect.</li>
<li>The name of the medicine which you think caused it.</li>
<li>Information about the person who had the side-effect.</li>
<li>Your contact details as the reporter of the side-effect.</li>
</ul>
It is helpful if you have your medication - and/or the leaflet that came with it - with you while you fill out the report.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0Bangladesh23.684994 90.35633099999995516.257325 80.029182499999962 31.112662999999998 100.68347949999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-79742631371984902562013-12-17T06:44:00.000+06:002013-12-17T06:58:43.736+06:00Operations for Glue Ear<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 id="nav-0">
Who needs an operation for glue ear?</h2>
An operation
may be advised to restore hearing to normal if glue ear does not clear
after a time of 'watchful waiting'. The time advised to 'wait and see'
if the glue ear clears can vary from child to child. It depends on such
things as the age of the child, the severity of the hearing loss,
whether there have been previous episodes of glue ear, whether
schooling, learning or speech is affected, etc.<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
What are the operations?</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Myringotomy and grommet insertion</b>
is the common operation. (See diagram below.) Myringotomy is a tiny cut
(about 2-3 mm) made in the eardrum. The fluid is drained and a grommet
(ventilation tube) is often inserted. A grommet is like a tiny pipe that
is put across the eardrum. The grommet lets air to get into the middle
ear. Hearing improves immediately.</li>
<li><b>Removal of the adenoids</b>
is sometimes advised. Adenoids are small clumps of glandular tissue
(similar to tonsils). They are attached at the back of the nose cavity
near to the opening of the Eustachian tube. If the adenoids are large
then taking them out may improve the drainage of the Eustachian tube.
Adenoids tend to be removed only if the child with glue ear also has
persistent or recurring colds or other respiratory infections.</li>
<li><b>A laser method</b>
to make a tiny hole in the eardrum and allow drainage has been
developed. This has a similar effect to myringotomy and grommet
insertion. Studies show that it is, on average, not as successful as
grommet insertion. However, the procedure does not require a general
anaesthetic. So, it may have a place in selected cases. Also, a laser
rather than a fine knife is sometimes used to create the hole in the
eardrum in which to place a grommet.</li>
</ul>
These operations above
only take a short time to do. They are often done as a 'day case'.
Sometimes an overnight stay in hospital is needed.<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
Are there any risks with these operations?</h2>
As
with any operation, there is a risk of complications from the surgery
and with the anaesthetic. However, the risk is very small.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-3">
Some common concerns after grommets are put in</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Swimming</b>
is usually fine. However, it is best to avoid underwater swimming or
ducking the head deeply underwater. Some surgeons advise wearing ear
plugs when swimming. Always follow any specific advice about swimming
from your surgeon.</li>
<li><b>Flying</b> in a plane is actually easier if you have a
grommet in your ear. The grommet allows the pressure of air to equalise
between the middle and outer ear. This prevents ear pain during landing
and take-off.</li>
<li> <b>Washing</b>. Try not to get soapy water into the ears.
Don't duck the head into soapy water. Wash the outside of the ears in
the normal way. A cotton wool ball with Vaseline® placed in the ear
canal could be used to prevent water from getting into the ear.</li>
</ul>
The diagram below shows where a grommet is placed.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<span id="goog_522492382"><span id="goog_522492385"></span><span id="goog_522492389"></span></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_522492397"><span id="goog_522492403"></span><span id="goog_522492407"></span></span><img alt="Grommets" class="none" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/042.gif" title="" /><span id="goog_522492408"></span></a><span id="goog_522492404"></span><span id="goog_522492398"></span><span id="goog_522492390"><span id="goog_522492399"></span><span id="goog_522492400"></span></span><span id="goog_522492386"></span><span id="goog_522492383"></span></div>
<br /></div>
<h2 id="nav-4">
What happens to the grommet after it is put in the ear?</h2>
Grommets
allow air into the middle ear. Grommets normally fall out of the ear as
the eardrum grows, usually after 4-12 months. By this time the glue ear
has often gone away. The cut in the eardrum made for the grommet
normally heals quickly when the grommet falls out.<br />
<br />
Grommets are so small that you may not notice when they fall out of the ear.<span id="goog_522492391"></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_522492392"></span><span id="goog_522492393"></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_522492394"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0Bangladesh23.684994 90.35633099999995516.257325 80.029182499999962 31.112662999999998 100.68347949999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-71998382960605201362013-12-13T09:01:00.003+06:002013-12-17T06:59:29.529+06:00Age-related Long Sight (Presbyopia)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 id="nav-0">
What is a refractive error?</h2>
A refractive error is an eyesight problem. Refractive errors are a common reason for reduced level of eyesight (visual acuity).<br />
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<span id="goog_522492411"></span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_522492415"><span id="goog_522492419"></span></span><img alt="Eye" class="right" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/048.gif" title="" /><span id="goog_522492420"></span><span id="goog_522492416"></span></a><span id="goog_522492412"></span></div>
Refraction
refers to the bending of light. In terms of the eye. A refractive error
means that the eye cannot focus light on to the retina properly. This
usually occurs either due to abnormalities in the shape of the eyeball,
or because age has affected the workings of the focusing parts of the
eye.<br />
There are four types of refractive error:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Myopia</b> (short sight).</li>
<li><b>Hypermetropia</b> (long sight).</li>
<li><b>Astigmatism</b> (a refractive error due to an unevenly curved cornea).</li>
<li><b>Presbyopia</b> (age-related long sight).</li>
</ul>
In order to understand refractive errors fully, it is useful to know how we see.<br />
When
we look at an object, light rays from the object pass through the eye
to reach the retina. This causes nerve messages to be sent from the
cells of the retina down the optic nerve to the vision centres in the
brain. The brain processes the information it receives, so that in turn,
we can see.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<img alt="eye focusing " class="none" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/314.gif" title="" /></div>
</div>
The
light rays have to be focused on a small area of the retina; otherwise,
what we look at is blurred. The cornea and lens have the job of
focusing light. The cornea partly bends (refracts) the light rays which
then go through the lens, which finely adjusts the focusing. The lens
does this by changing its thickness. This is called accommodation. The
lens is elastic and can become flatter or more rounded. The more rounded
(convex) the lens, the more the light rays can be bent inwards.<br />
The
shape of the lens is varied by the small muscles in the ciliary body.
Tiny string-like structures called the suspensory ligaments are attached
at one end to the lens, and at the other to the ciliary body. This is a
bit like a trampoline with the middle bouncy bit being the lens, the
suspensory ligaments being the springs, and the ciliary muscles being
the rim around the edge.<br />
When the ciliary muscles in the ciliary
body tighten, the suspensory ligaments slacken, causing the lens to
fatten. This happens for near objects. For looking at far objects, the
ciliary muscle relaxes, making the suspensory ligaments tighten, and the
lens thins out.<br />
More bending (refraction) of the light rays is
needed to focus on nearby objects, such as when reading. Less bending of
light is needed to focus on objects far away.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-5908512308670910622013-12-12T00:42:00.001+06:002013-12-12T00:42:17.845+06:00Acute Coronary Syndrome<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="summary">
<u>Acute coronary syndrome</u> is a term given by
doctors for various heart conditions, including a myocardial infarction
(heart attack) and unstable angina. These conditions are due to there
being a reduced amount of blood flowing to a part of the heart. Various
treatments are given and these usually depend on the type of acute
coronary syndrome. Treatments help to ease the pain, improve the blood
flow and to prevent any future complications.</div>
<h2 id="nav-0">
What is acute coronary syndrome?</h2>
The
term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) covers a range of disorders
including myocardial infarction (heart attack) and unstable angina that
are caused by the same underlying problem.<br /><br />The underlying problem
is a sudden reduction of blood flow to part of the heart muscle. This
is usually caused by a blood clot that forms on a patch of atheroma
within a coronary artery (which is described below).<br /><br />The types of
problems range from unstable angina - when the blood clot causes a
reduced blood flow, but not a total blockage so the heart muscle
supplied by the affected artery does not infarct (die) - to an actual
myocardial infarction (MI).<br /><br />The location of the blockage, the
length of time that blood flow is blocked, and the amount of damage that
occurs determine the type of acute coronary syndrome.<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
Understanding the heart and coronary arteries</h2>
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<a href="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/090.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="090.gif" border="0" class="right" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/090.gif" /></a></div>
The
heart is made mainly of special muscle. The heart pumps blood into
arteries (blood vessels) which take the blood to every part of the body.<br /><br />Like
any other muscle, the heart muscle needs a good blood supply. The
coronary arteries take blood to the heart muscle. The main coronary
arteries branch off from the aorta. The aorta is the large artery which
takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart chambers to the body. The main
coronary arteries divide into smaller branches which take blood to all
parts of the heart muscle.<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
What happens in acute coronary syndrome?</h2>
ACS ranges from MI to unstable angina.<br />
<h3>
A myocardial infarction?</h3>
If
you have an MI, a coronary artery or one of its smaller branches is
suddenly blocked. The part of the heart muscle supplied by this artery
loses its blood (and oxygen) supply. This part of the heart muscle is at
risk of dying unless the blockage is quickly undone. (The word
infarction means death of some tissue due to a blocked artery which
stops blood from getting past.) An MI is sometimes called a heart attack
or a coronary thrombosis.<br /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<img alt="Cross-section diagram of the heart " class="none" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/116.gif" title="" /></div>
</div>
There
are different types of MI which are based on what is seen on your heart
tracing (also called an electrocardiograph (ECG)). The two main types
are called ST elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). In a
STEMI, the artery supplying an area of the heart muscle is completely
blocked. However, in an NSTEMI, the artery is only partly blocked, so
only part of the heart muscle being supplied by the affected artery is
affected.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-38810494023132200172013-12-05T07:41:00.003+06:002013-12-05T07:41:57.630+06:00Anorexia Nervosa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="article-title">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Anorexia</span> <span class="hps">nervosa</span> <span class="hps">is an</span> <span class="hps">eating disorder</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">A person</span> <span class="hps">with anorexia nervosa</span> <span class="hps">deliberately</span> <span class="hps">loses weight</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">often</span> <span class="hps">finds that</span> <span class="hps">food</span> <span class="hps">dominates</span> <span class="hps">their</span> <span class="hps">lives</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Weight loss</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">severe</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">life-threatening</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Treatments</span> <span class="hps">such as</span> <span class="hps">cognitive</span> <span class="hps">behavioral</span> <span class="hps">therapy</span> <span class="hps">(CBT),</span> <span class="hps">sometimes</span> <span class="hps">medication</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">self-help measures</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">treated</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">talking</span><span>.</span></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="article-title">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span> </span></span></span></span></h1>
<h2 id="nav-0">
What is anorexia nervosa?</h2>
Anorexia nervosa (just
called anorexia from now on) is an eating disorder. It means loss of
appetite due to your nerves. Anorexia is a serious condition which
affects all sorts of people. Anorexia is very common - about 1 in 20
teenagers has it. However, it affects people of all ages and has become
more common in boys and men in recent years.<br /><br />People with anorexia
often find that they do not allow themselves to feel full after eating.
This means that they restrict the amount they eat and drink. People
with anorexia are underweight. Sometimes, the weight becomes so low that
it is dangerous to health.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa?</h2>
<h3>
Deliberate weight loss</h3>
This
is the main symptom. You lose weight by avoiding fattening foods or
even any foods. People with anorexia limit the amount they eat and
drink, in order to control how their body looks. You may often pretend
to other people that you are eating far more than you actually are. You
may be using other ways of staying thin such as exercising too much. You
may also have made yourself vomit, take laxatives, or even take
appetite suppressant medicines or diuretics (water tablets).<br /><br />People
with anorexia typically weigh 15% or more below the expected weight for
their age, sex and height. The body mass index (BMI) is calculated by
your weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of your height (in
metres). For example, if you weigh 66 kg and are 1.7 m tall then your
BMI would be 66/(1.7 x 1.7) = 22.8. A normal BMI for an adult is 20-25.
Above that you are overweight, and below that you are underweight.
Adults with anorexia have a BMI below 17.5.<br /><br />With anorexia, you
feel very in control of your bodyweight and shape. However, with time,
anorexia can take control of you. After some time it can become very
difficult to make healthy, normal choices about the amount and types of
food you eat.<br />
<h3>
A wrong idea of body size</h3>
People with
anorexia think that they are fat when they are actually very thin.
Although other people see you as thin or underweight, it is very
difficult for you to see this. You are likely to have a severe dread
(like a phobia) of gaining weight. People with anorexia will do their
utmost to avoid putting on weight.<br />
<h3>
Other features</h3>
It is common for people with anorexia to:<br />
<ul>
<li>Vomit secretly after eating.</li>
<li>Try hard to hide their thinness - for example, by wearing baggy clothes.</li>
<li>Tend not to be truthful about how much they eat and everything to do with food.</li>
<li>Like food and feel hungry. However, it is the consequences of eating that frighten them.</li>
</ul>
People with anorexia may also become obsessed with what other people are eating.<br /><br />People
with anorexia often restrict themselves to certain types of food.
Eating food may even become like a ritual. For example, each time you
eat, you have to cut your food into very small pieces. You may think
frequently about your weight and even weigh yourself most days or even
several times a day. It is also common to feel cold most of the time and
to have irregular sleeping patterns. You might also find yourself
having poor concentration.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
How do I know if I have an eating disorder?</h2>
If you answer yes to two or more of these questions then you may have an eating disorder and you should see your doctor:<br />
<ul>
<li>Do you make yourself sick because you are uncomfortably full?</li>
<li>Do you worry that you've lost control over how much you eat?</li>
<li>Have you recently lost more than 6 kg (about one stone) in the past three months?</li>
<li>Do you believe you're fat when others think you are thin?</li>
<li>Would you say that food dominates your life?</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Self-help measures may be of benefit</h3>
There are a number of
self-help books and guides available. These provide methods on how to
cope with and overcome anorexia. (Beat - the Eating Disorders
Association listed at the end - may be able to suggest current titles.)
They are not suitable for everyone, particularly if your anorexia is
severe.<br /><br />Some people with more severe anorexia may need to have a short stay in hospital.<br />
<h2 id="nav-7">
What is the outlook (prognosis)?</h2>
With
treatment, anorexia can take weeks or even many months to improve. It
can take several years for people with anorexia to become completely
better. Many people find they still have issues with food, even after
treatment, but they are more in control and can lead happier, more
fulfilled lives.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-44792765410612936082013-12-05T07:36:00.002+06:002013-12-05T07:36:44.295+06:00Alcohol and Sensible Drinking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Fast</span> <span class="hps">Eur</span> <span class="hps">doctor</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">practice</span> <span class="hps">nurse,</span> <span class="hps">Safe</span> <span class="hps">limitsa</span> <span class="hps">tests</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the UK</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Hey</span> <span class="hps">Hey</span> <span class="hps">drnkim</span> <span class="hps">finding</span> <span class="hps">ababhe</span> <span class="hps">diphphikalta</span> <span class="hps">Formerly</span> <span class="hps">it</span> <span class="hps">down</span> <span class="hps">tilt</span><span>.</span></span><br />
<h2 id="nav-0">
What are the recommended safe limits of alcohol?</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Men</strong>
should drink no more than 21 units of alcohol per week, no more than
four units in any one day, and have at least two alcohol-free days a
week.</li>
<li><strong>Women</strong> should drink no more than 14 units
of alcohol per week, no more than three units in any one day, and have
at least two alcohol-free days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Pregnant women</strong>.
Advice from the Department of Health states that ... "pregnant women or
women trying to conceive should not drink alcohol at all. If they do
choose to drink, to minimise the risk to the baby, they should not drink
more than 1-2 units of alcohol once or twice a week and should not get
drunk".</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nav-3">
Do you know how much you are drinking?</h2>
When asked
'How much do you drink?' many people give a much lower figure than the
true amount. It is not that people usually lie about this, but it is
easy not to realise your true alcohol intake. To give an honest answer
to this question, try making a drinking diary for a couple of weeks or
so. Jot down every drink that you have. Remember, it is a pub measure of
spirits that equals one unit. A home measure if often a double.<br /><br />If you are drinking more than the safe limits, you should aim to cut down your drinking.<br />
<h2 id="nav-4">
What are the problems with drinking too much alcohol?</h2>
<h3>
Health risks</h3>
About
1 in 3 men, and about 1 in 7 women, drink more than the safe levels.
Many people who drink heavily are not addicted to alcohol, and are not
alcoholics. To stop or reduce alcohol would not be a problem if there
was the will to do so. However, for various reasons, many people have
got into a habit of drinking regularly and heavily. But, drinking
heavily is a serious health risk.<br /><br />You should regularly talk to
your children about the risks of alcohol in a way that is appropriate
for their age. If you feel your child is having a problem with alcohol,
talk to your GP, as there are services now available for young people.<br /><br />If you drink heavily you have an increased risk of developing<br />
<ul>
<li>Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver).</li>
<li>Cirrhosis (scarred liver). Up to 3 in 10 long-term heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis.</li>
<li>Some cancers (mouth, gullet, liver, colon and breast).</li>
<li>Stomach disorders.</li>
<li>Pancreatitis (severe inflammation of the pancreas).</li>
<li>Mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and various other problems.</li>
<li>Wernicke's encephalopathy - an alcohol-related brain disorder treated with thiamine (vitamin B1).</li>
<li>Sexual difficulties such as impotence.</li>
<li>Muscle and heart muscle disease.</li>
<li>High blood pressure.</li>
<li>Damage to nervous tissue.</li>
<li>Accidents
- drinking alcohol is associated with a much increased risk of
accidents. In particular, injury and death from fire and car crashes.
About 1 in 7 road deaths are caused by drinking alcohol.</li>
<li>Obesity
(alcohol is calorie-rich). One glass of wine has as many calories as a
bag of crisps and a pint of lager is the calorie equivalent of a sausage
roll.</li>
<li>Damage to an unborn baby in pregnant women.</li>
<li>Alcohol dependence (addiction).</li>
</ul>
In the UK about 33,000 deaths a year are related to drinking alcohol, a quarter due to accidents.<br />
<h3>
Where do these recommendations come from?</h3>
<ul>
<li>The Department
of Health recommends that men should not regularly drink more than 3-4
units of alcohol a day and women should not regularly drink more than
2-3 units a day. 'Regularly' means drinking every day or most days of
the week. And if you do drink more heavily than this on any day, allow
48 alcohol-free hours afterwards to let your body recover.</li>
<li>The
Royal College of Physicians (RCP) advises no more than 21 units per week
for men and 14 units per week for women. But also, have 2-3
alcohol-free days a week to allow the liver time to recover after
drinking anything but the smallest amount of alcohol. A quote from the
RCP... "in addition to quantity, safe alcohol limits must also take into
account frequency. There is an increased risk of liver disease for
those who drink daily or near daily compared with those who drink
periodically or intermittently."</li>
<li>The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee advise that people should have at least two alcohol-free days a week.</li>
<li>Some
would argue that the upper limits of the recommendations are too high.
For example, one study found that more than two units a day for men and
more than one unit a day for women significantly increases the risk of
developing certain cancers.</li>
</ul>
Your liver processes alcohol. It
can only cope with so much at a time. Drinking more alcohol than the
liver can cope with can damage liver cells and produce toxic by-product
chemicals.<br /><br />The more you drink, and especially above the
recommended limits, the greater the risk of developing serious problems.
And remember, binge drinking can be harmful even though the weekly
total may not seem too high. For example, if you only drink once or
twice a week, but when you do you drink 4-5 pints of beer each time, or a
bottle of wine each time, then this is a risk to your health. Also,
even one or two units can be dangerous if you drive, operate machinery,
or take some types of medication.<br />
<br />If you feel that you need, or a relative or friend needs, help
about alcohol then see your doctor or practice nurse. Or, contact one of
the agencies listed below.<br />
<h2 id="nav-9">
Further resources and sources of help</h2>
<h3>
Drinkline - National Alcohol Helpline</h3>
Tel:
0800 917 8282 Offers help to callers worried about their own drinking,
and support to the family and friends of people who are drinking. Advice
to callers on where to go for help.<br />
<h3>
Drinkaware</h3>
Web: <a href="http://www.drinkaware.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.drinkaware.co.uk</a><br />A
charity which aims to change the UK's drinking habits for the better.
Drinkaware promotes responsible drinking and finds innovative ways to
challenge the national drinking culture to help to reduce alcohol misuse
and minimise alcohol-related harm.<br />
<h3>
Alcoholics Anonymous</h3>
PO Box 1 10 Toft Green, York, YO1 7ND Helpline: 0845 769 7555 Web: <a href="http://www.alcoholics-anonymous.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.alcoholics-anonymous.org.uk</a><br />There
are over 3,000 meetings held in the UK each week, with over 40,000
members. The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop
drinking.<br />
<h3>
AL-Anon Family Groups</h3>
61 Great Dover Street, London, SE1 4YF<br />Tel: 020 7403 0888 Web: <a href="http://www.al-anonuk.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.al-anonuk.org.uk</a><br />Offers support for families and friends of alcoholics whether the drinker is still drinking or not.<br />
<h3>
Department of Health</h3>
Web: <a href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Alcoholmisuse/index.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Alcoholmisuse/index.htm</a><br />Their
misuse page includes information on the National Alcohol Strategy, and
policy and advice on sensible drinking and the prevention of alcohol
misuse.<br />
<br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-88147357741568154662013-12-05T07:30:00.000+06:002013-12-05T07:30:15.236+06:00Bartholin's Cyst and Abscess<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="দুই Bartholin এর গ্রন্থি পরবর্তী যোনি থেকে অনুপ্রবেশ করতে থাকা.">The two Bartholin 's glands lie next to the entrance to the vagina . </span><span title="তারা শ্লেষ্মা মত তরল অল্প পরিমাণ করা.">They put a small amount of mucus -like fluid . </span><span title="একটি তরল পূরণ ফুলে (একটি আম) কখনও কখনও একটি Bartholin এর গ্রন্থি থেকে তরল নির্গমন একটি অবরুদ্ধ নালী থেকে বিকাশ.">Inflammation of a fluid-filled ( a cyst ) is a Bartholin 's gland fluid drains sometimes develops from a blocked duct . </span><span title="কখনও কখনও একটি গ্রন্থি তারপর পূঁয একটি সংগ্রহ (একটি ফোড়া) মধ্যে বিকশিত হতে পারে, যা সংক্রমিত হয়.">Sometimes a gland , then a collection of pus ( an abscess ) may develop in , which is infected . </span><span title="এন্টিবায়োটিক ওষুধ সংক্রমণ বা ফোড়া নিরাময় হতে পারে.">Antibiotic medicines can cause infection or abscess healing . </span><span title="একটি ছোট অপারেশন একটি Bartholin এর আম বা ফোড়া জন্য সাধারণ চিকিত্সা.">A Bartholin 's cyst or abscess is a small operation, the most common treatment.</span></span><br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-0">
What are Bartholin's glands and what do they do?</h2>
Bartholin's
glands are a pair of small glands that are just next to the lower part
of the entrance to the vagina. Each gland is about the size of a pea.
Unless diseased or infected, you cannot normally see or feel these
glands, as they are within the soft tissues (labia) next to the entrance
to the vagina.<br />
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<a href="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/234.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Female genitals" border="0" class="right" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/234.gif" /></a></div>
Each
gland makes a small amount of mucus-like fluid. The fluid from each
gland drains down a short tube (duct) called the Bartholin's gland duct.
Each duct is about 2 cm long and comes out towards the lower part of
the entrance to the vagina. The fluid helps to keep the entrance to the
vagina moist.<br />
Bartholin's glands are named after Thomas Bartholin,
the doctor who first described them in the 18th century. Bartholin's
glands are sometimes called vestibular glands.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
What problems can arise from Bartholin's glands?</h2>
<h3>
Bartholin's abscess</h3>
An abscess is a collection of pus that
can occur with an infection. An abscess can occur in any part of the
body, and sometimes occurs in a Bartholin's gland. Sometimes an abscess
develops from a Bartholin's cyst that becomes infected. Sometimes the
gland itself becomes infected which gets worse and forms into an
abscess. Within a few days, the abscess can become the size of a hen's
egg, sometimes larger, and is usually very painful.<br />
Many types of
germs (bacteria) can infect a Bartholin's cyst or gland to cause an
abscess. Most are the common germs that cause skin or urine infections,
such as <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. So, any woman can develop a Bartholin's abscess. Some cases are due to sexually transmitted germs such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia.<br />
<h3>
Bartholin's gland cancer</h3>
This
is a very rare cancer (about 1 in a million chance of a woman having
it) and is very unlikely in women aged under 40. However, if there is
any doubt about the cause of the swelling, a small sample of tissue
(biopsy) can be checked.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Bartholin's cyst</h3>
If the tube (duct) that drains the fluid
becomes blocked then a fluid-filled swelling (cyst) develops. The size
of a cyst can vary from small and pea-like to the size of a golf ball,
or even bigger in some cases. The cyst may remain the same size or may
slowly become bigger. The reason why a Bartholin's duct may become
blocked and lead to a cyst is not clear.<br />
<h2 id="nav-6">
Will it happen again?</h2>
In most cases, a Bartholin's
fluid-filled swelling (cyst) or collection of pus (abscess) does not
happen again (recur) after treatment with one of the operations
described above, or if antibiotics alone cured the problem. However,
they do recur in some cases when treatment needs to be repeated.<br />
<h2 id="nav-7">
Cases due to sexually transmitted infections</h2>
If
you have a Bartholin's gland infection or abscess, a swab - a small
ball of cotton wool on the end of a thin stick, used to take a sample -
of the area or a sample of pus is usually sent to the laboratory to
identify which germ (bacterium) caused the infection. If a sexually
transmitted germ is the cause of the infection then further screening
for other sexually transmitted infections for yourself and your partner
will usually be advised.<br />
<h2 id="nav-8">
Can Bartholin's cysts or abscesses be prevented?</h2>
Not
usually. Most occur 'out of the blue' for no apparent reason. Some
Bartholin's abscesses are due to sexually transmitted infections, and so
using a condom when having sex may prevent some cases.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-12326325489644155552013-12-05T07:24:00.001+06:002013-12-05T07:24:36.401+06:00Amniocentesis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Amniocentesis সাধারণত অজাত, উন্নয়নশীল শিশুর বিভিন্ন ক্রোমোসোম বা জিনগত অবস্থার নির্ণয়, গর্ভাবস্থায় সম্পন্ন করা হয় যে একটি পদ্ধতি.">Amniocentesis
is usually the unborn , developing baby evaluate different chromosomes
or genetic condition , a procedure that is done during pregnancy . </span><span title="শিশুর পার্শ্ববর্তী যে আপনার জরায়ুর ভিতরে amniotic তরল (গর্ভ) এর একটি নমুনা একটি সূক্ষ্ম সুচ ব্যবহার করে নেওয়া হয়.">Amniotic fluid surrounding the baby inside your uterus ( womb ) of a sample is taken using a fine needle . </span><span title="টেস্ট পরীক্ষাগারে তরল উপর করা হয়.">Test laboratories are fluid . </span><span title="Amniocentesis গর্ভাবস্থার 15 সপ্তাহ সম্পন্ন (সাধারণত মধ্যে 15-18 সপ্তাহ) পর প্রস্তুত করা হয়.">Amniocentesis completed 15 weeks of pregnancy ( usually between 15-18 weeks) is presented . </span><span title="Amniocentesis দেওয়া হবে একজন গর্ভবতী মহিলার জন্য সবচেয়ে সাধারণ কারণ তাদের উন্নয়নশীল শিশুর যেমন নিচে এর সিন্ড্রোম হিসাবে একটি ক্রোমোসোম ব্যাধি আছে কিনা দেখতে হয়.">Amniocentesis
is the most common reason given for a pregnant woman to their
developing baby such as Down 's syndrome to see if there is a chromosome
disorder . </span><span title="গর্ভপাত সহ amniocentesis সঙ্গে জটিলতা, অল্প ঝুঁকি পর্যন্ত.">Complications including miscarriage with amniocentesis , a little bit of risk .</span></span><br />
<h2 id="nav-0">
A note about DNA, genes and chromosomes</h2>
In most
cells of your body you have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. One
chromosome from each pair comes from your mother and one from your
father. Chromosomes are made of DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic
acid. It is your genetic material and is found in the nucleus of the
cells of your body.<br /><br />Each of your chromosomes carries hundreds of
genes. A gene is the basic unit of your genetic material. It is made up
of a sequence (or piece) of DNA and sits at a particular place on a
chromosome. So, a gene is a small section of a chromosome. Each gene
controls a particular feature or has a particular function in your body.
For example, dictating your eye colour or hair colour. Each gene is
part of a pair. One gene from each pair is inherited from your mother,
the other from your father. Humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Why Is an Amniocentesis Performed?</h3>
<div align="left" class="node">
Amniocentesis is performed to look for certain types of birth defects, such as Down syndrome, a chromosomal abnormality.</div>
<div align="left" class="node">
Because
amniocentesis presents a small risk for both the mother and her baby,
the prenatal test is generally offered to women who have a significant
risk for genetic diseases, including those who:</div>
<ul class="node">
<li>Have an abnormal ultrasound</li>
<li>Have a family history of certain birth defects</li>
<li>Have previously had a child or pregnancy with a birth defect</li>
<li>Will be 35 or older at the time of delivery</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" class="node">
Amniocentesis
does not detect all birth defects, but it can be used to detect the
following conditions if the parents have a significant genetic risk:</div>
<ul class="node">
<li>Down syndrome</li>
<li>Sickle cell disease</li>
<li>Cystic fibrosis</li>
<li>Muscular dystrophy</li>
<li>Tay-Sachs and similar diseases</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" class="node">
Amniocentesis
can also detect certain neural tube defects (diseases where the brain
and spinal column don't develop properly), such as spina bifida and
anencephaly.</div>
<div align="left" class="node">
Because ultrasound is
performed at the time of amniocentesis, it may detect birth defects that
are not detected by amniocentesis (such as cleft palate, cleft lip,
club foot, or heart defects). There are some birth defects, however,
that will not be detected by either amniocentesis or ultrasound.</div>
<div align="left" class="node">
If
you are having an amniocentesis, you may ask to find out the baby's
sex; amniocentesis is the most accurate way to determine the baby's
gender before birth.</div>
<div class="node">
An amniocentesis can also be
done during the third trimester of the pregnancy to determine if the
baby's lungs are mature enough for delivery, or to evaluate the amniotic
fluid for infection.</div>
<div class="node">
<br /></div>
<h3>
How Accurate Is Amniocentesis?</h3>
<div align="left" class="node">
The accuracy of amniocentesis is about 99.4%.</div>
<div align="left" class="node">
Amniocentesis
may occasionally be unsuccessful due to technical problems, such as
being unable to collect an adequate amount of amniotic fluid or failure
of the collected cells to grow when cultured.</div>
<h3>
Does Amniocentesis Have Risks?</h3>
<div class="node">
Yes.
There is a small risk that an amniocentesis could cause a miscarriage
(less than 1%, or approximately 1 in 200 to 1 in 400). Injury to the
baby or mother, infection, and preterm labor are other potential complications that can occur, but are extremely rare.</div>
<div class="node">
<br /></div>
<h2 id="nav-8">
What are my choices if the results are abnormal?</h2>
Deciding
to have amniocentesis can be a very difficult decision and a very
anxious time. However, most women who have amniocentesis will have a
normal result. That is, the baby won't have the genetic problem that the
test was looking for. But, before you go through amniocentesis, it is
important for you to think through carefully what difference an abnormal
test result would make to you. How would it be likely to affect your
decision about whether or not to continue with the pregnancy?<br /><br />Once
you know the results, and if the results show a problem, you need to
make a decision about what is best for you and the baby. This decision
may be very difficult. You may find it helpful to talk things through
with your GP, your midwife, your obstetrician, a paediatrician, a
genetic specialist, a counsellor, etc. You may also wish to talk things
through with your partner or family.<br /><br />There is still time to
terminate the pregnancy (have an abortion) after amniocentesis if you
choose to. Sometimes after amniocentesis this may mean an induced
labour. However, the type of termination will depend on how many weeks
pregnant you are when you decide to end the pregnancy. You should
discuss this with your doctor or midwife.<br /><br />Equally, if the results
of amniocentesis do show a problem, you may choose to continue with the
pregnancy. With the knowledge of the results, you can start to prepare
for the birth and care of the baby who is likely to have special needs.
The baby may need special care immediately after they are born. For
example, they may need surgery or some other procedure. Prior knowledge
that the baby has a certain condition means that you can plan to give
birth in a hospital where all of the appropriate facilities are
available.<br /><br />In rare situations, amniocentesis may show that the
baby has a condition that is treatable. Occasionally, there may be the
possibility that treatment can be given while the baby is still in your
womb.<br />
<h2 id="nav-9">
Further help and information</h2>
<h3>
ARC (Antenatal Results & Choices)</h3>
73 Charlotte Street, London W1T 4PN<br />Helpline: 0207 631 0285 Web: <a href="http://www.arc-uk.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.arc-uk.org</a><br />A charity offering information and support to parents going through antenatal testing.<br />
<h3>
Down's Syndrome Association</h3>
Langdon Down Centre, 2A Langdon Park, Teddington, Middlesex TW1 9PS<br />Helpline: 0845 230 0372 Web: <a href="http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.downs-syndrome.org.uk</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-16395492414839081772013-12-05T07:18:00.002+06:002013-12-05T07:18:27.588+06:00Antiviral Medication for Genital Herpes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="জেনিটাল হারপিস একটি যৌনাঙ্গ এর সংক্রমণ (পুরুষদের মধ্যে শিশ্ন, স্ত্রীযোনিদ্বার এবং মহিলাদের যোনি) এবং ত্বকের পার্শ্ববর্তী এলাকা.">Genital herpes infections of the genitals ( penis in men , women vulva and vagina ) and skin surrounding area. </span><span title="এটা হারপিস সরল ভাইরাস দ্বারা ঘটিত হয়.">It is caused by herpes simplex virus . </span><span title="যেমন aciclovir, famciclovir, এবং valaciclovir হিসাবে রোগাদির বীজনাশক ওষুধ যৌনাঙ্গে হারপিস সংক্রমণের চিকিত্সা ব্যবহৃত হয়.">Such as aciclovir, famciclovir, and valaciclovir are used as antiviral drugs to treat genital herpes infection . </span><span title="তারা শরীর থেকে ভাইরাস মুছে ফেলা না এবং কিছু লোক (আবার এবং আবার ফিরে আসা) আবৃত্ত হয় যে সংক্রমণ আছে.">They
do not remove the virus from the body , and some people ( to come back
again and again ) are infections that are recurring . </span><span title="তারা উপসর্গ সময়কাল এবং তীব্রতা হ্রাস করা, যা গুন থেকে ভাইরাস বাঁধন দ্বারা কাজ.">They will reduce the duration and intensity of symptoms , which works by stopping the virus from multiplying .</span></span><br />
<h2 id="nav-0">
What is genital herpes?</h2>
Genital herpes is an
infection of the genitals (penis in men, vulva and vagina in women) and
surrounding area of skin. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus. The
buttocks and anus may also be affected.<br />
Genital herpes is usually a
sexually transmitted infection. Many people who are infected with this
virus never have symptoms, but can still pass on the infection to
others. If symptoms occur, they can range from a mild soreness to
painful blisters on the genitals (vulva, vagina or penis) and
surrounding area.<br />
This leaflet just discusses antiviral medication for genital herpes. (See separate leaflet called Genital Herpes for more general details on genital herpes infection<br />
<br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="তারা উপসর্গ সময়কাল এবং তীব্রতা হ্রাস করা, যা গুন থেকে ভাইরাস বাঁধন দ্বারা কাজ."> </span></span>HSV-2 hides in the nervous system of the infected host and can
reactivate periodically. When the virus is re-activated in a nerve cell,
it is transported along the nerve to the skin, where it is replicated
anew causing 'shedding' and new sores. Intensive genital secretion
collection demonstrates that HSV shedding episodes are three-times more
frequent than was previously thought.<br /><br />Dr. Christine Johnston at
the University of Washington Virology Research Clinic in Seattle, WA,
USA, and her team conducted three separate but complementary open-label
crossover studies involving 113 patients. They compared giving patients
no medication with those who were administered the standard-dose of
aciclovir 400 mg twice daily.<br />
<h2 id="nav-3">
Antiviral medication for recurrent episodes of genital herpes</h2>
Further
episodes of symptoms (recurrences) tend to be milder and usually last
just a few days. You usually have 7-10 days of symptoms rather than
10-20 days that can occur with a first episode. Antiviral medication is
often not needed for recurrences. <a href="http://www.patient.co.uk/health/painkillers">Painkillers</a>,
salt baths, and local anaesthetic ointment (such as lidocaine) for a
few days may be sufficient to ease symptoms. However, an antiviral
medicine may be advised for recurrent episodes of genital herpes in the
following situations:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>If you have severe recurrences</strong>.
If you take a five-day course of an antiviral medicine as soon as
symptoms start, it may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms. You
may be prescribed a supply of medication to have ready at home to start
as soon as symptoms begin. This kind of intermittent treatment, that is
just used as needed, tends to be prescribed if you are getting severe
attacks of genital herpes fewer than six times a year.</li>
<li><strong>If you have frequent recurrences</strong>.
You may be advised to take an antiviral medicine every day. In most
people who take medication every day, the recurrences are either stopped
completely, or their frequency and severity are greatly reduced. A
lower maintenance dose rather than the full treatment dose is usually
prescribed. A typical plan is to take a 6- to 12-month course of
treatment. You can then stop the medication to see if recurrences have
become less frequent. This type of continuous treatment can be repeated
if necessary. This type of daily treatment tends to be prescribed if you
have severe attacks of genital herpes more than six times per year.</li>
<li><strong>For special events</strong>.
A course of medication may help to prevent a recurrence during special
times. This may be an option even if you do not have frequent
recurrences, but want to have the least risk of a recurrence - for
example, during a holiday or during exams.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nav-4">
Antiviral medication for genital herpes whilst you are pregnant</h2>
A
specialist will normally advise about what to do if you develop genital
herpes whilst you are pregnant, or if you have recurrent genital herpes
and become pregnant. This is because there may be a chance of passing
on the infection to your baby.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-86474246786313381552013-12-05T06:13:00.000+06:002013-12-05T06:13:22.146+06:00Embarrassing Problems<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 id="nav-0">
Anogenital (anal or genital) warts</h2>
Anogenital
warts are small lumps that develop on the genitals and/or around the
back passage (anus). They are caused by a virus called the human
papillomavirus (HPV). There are over 100 types of this virus. The virus
is passed on by sexual contact. You need close skin-to-skin contact to
pass on the virus. This means that you do not necessarily need to have
penetrative sex to pass on infection. Sharing sex toys may also pass on
infection. Very rarely, anogenital warts may be passed on from hand
warts. They may also rarely be passed on to a baby when a woman gives
birth.<br />
Treatment options include chemicals or physical treatments
such as freezing to destroy the warts. If you have anogenital warts, you
will usually be advised to have tests to check for other sexually
transmitted infections.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
Bad breath (halitosis)</h2>
In most cases of persistent
bad breath, the smell comes from a build-up of bacteria within the
mouth - in food left hanging around the mouth, in plaque and gum
disease, or in a coating on the back of the tongue. Good oral hygiene
will often solve the problem. That is, regular teeth brushing, cleaning
between the teeth, cleaning the tongue, and mouthwashes. Other causes of
persistent bad breath are uncommon.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
Body odour</h2>
Body
odour (BO) is caused by germs (bacteria) on your skin breaking down
sweat into acids. Sweat (without the bacteria working on it) does not
smell. However, sweat may smell if you eat and drink certain foods such
as garlic, spices and alcohol. Antidepressant medicines may also make
your sweat smell. Being overweight or having certain medical conditions
such as diabetes can also make BO more likely.<br />
The best way to
avoid BO is to keep the areas of your skin that tend to sweat clean and
free of bacteria. You should wash armpits, genitals and feet with soap
every day. Clothes should be changed and washed regularly.
Antiperspirants reduce the amount of sweat you produce. Deodorants mask
the smell of BO. Shaving armpit hair can help reduce BO, as hair can
trap sweat and bacteria.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-3">
Crabs (pubic lice)</h2>
Pubic lice are tiny insects
that live on humans, usually in the pubic hair. They are passed on
through close body contact, such as when having sex. Infestation with
pubic lice can cause itching, but not everyone affected has symptoms.
Treatment involves killing the lice by using an insecticide lotion or
cream.<br />
If you have caught pubic lice from a sexual partner, you should be tested for other sexually transmitted infections.<br />
For further information see separate leaflet called Pubic Lice.<br />
<h2 id="nav-4">
Curving penis (Peyronie's disease)</h2>
This
is a condition in which patches of scar tissue (fibrous plaques)
develop along the shaft of the penis. This can result in bending or
deformity (changes in the shape) of the penis, painful erections and
difficulties with sexual intercourse. The options for treatment include
medicines taken by mouth, applied to the surface of the penis or
injected into the scar tissue. Stretching, electrical treatment, lasers
and surgery are other options. In rare cases, the condition may clear up
completely but most men find that it either stays the same or gets
worse over time.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-14">
Wind (flatulence, gas)</h2>
Most men fart 14-25 times a
day. Most women 7-12 times a day. Gas collects in the gut in two ways.
Small amounts of air are swallowed at the same time as you swallow food
or drink; or by gas being produced as a result of the process of
digesting food. Some foods produce more gas than others such as beans,
cauliflower and cabbage. The body removes the gas by burping and
farting. These are normal processes like breathing. An unpleasant smell
is usually caused by a gas called sulphur. This is produced when food
isn't digested properly and begins to decompose. Excess wind may be a
symptom of an underlying problem such as constipation or irritable bowel
syndrome.<br />
Most of the time changing diet and lifestyle will help.
For example, eating more, smaller meals instead of three large ones.
Choose foods that are generally easier to digest such as potatoes, rice
and bananas. Having plenty of exercise also helps your bowel work
better. Stopping smoking can help, as smokers tend to swallow more air
than normal. Smoke can also irritate your gut. Occasionally, medication
may be needed. Some remedies are available from your chemist. Ask a
pharmacist for advice.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-90263878915468900642013-12-05T06:06:00.000+06:002013-12-05T06:14:37.014+06:00Depression and Men<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 id="nav-0">
Why is it important?</h2>
Depression can be very
unpleasant and is a major reason for people taking time off work. Many -
perhaps most - men who kill themselves have been depressed - so it can
even be fatal. However, depression can be helped - the sooner the
better.<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
What's the difference between just feeling miserable and being depressed?</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Everyone
has times in their lives when they feel down or depressed. It is
usually for a good reason, does not dominate your life and does not last
for a long time.</div>
However, if the depression goes on for weeks,
months, or becomes very bad, you may find yourself stuck and unable to
lift yourself out of it. It can start to affect every area of your life -
and this is when you may need to get help. Depression is not a sign of
weakness - it has affected many famous and successful men.<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
What about bipolar disorder (manic depression)?</h2>
Some
people have severe depression - but also times when they become elated
and over-active. These 'high' periods can be just as harmful as the
periods of depression. This used to be called manic depression, but is
now bipolar disorder.<br />
<h2 id="nav-3">
What are the signs of depression?</h2>
If you are depressed, you will probably notice some of the following:<br />
<h3>
In your mind, you</h3>
<ul>
<li>Feel
unhappy, miserable, down, depressed. The feeling just won’t go away and
can be worse at a particular time of day, often first thing in the
morning.</li>
<li>Can’t enjoy anything.</li>
<li>Lose interest in seeing people and lose touch with friends.</li>
<li>Can’t concentrate properly.</li>
<li>Feel guilty about things that have nothing to do with you.</li>
<li>Become pessimistic.</li>
<li>Start to feel hopeless, and perhaps even suicidal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
In your body, you may find that you</h3>
<ul>
<li>Can’t get to sleep.</li>
<li>Wake early in the morning and/or throughout the night.</li>
<li>Lose interest in sex.</li>
<li>Can’t eat and lose weight.</li>
<li>'Comfort eat' more and put on weight.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2 id="nav-4">
Anxiety</h2>
Some men also feel very anxious when they
become depressed. You feel on edge all the time, worried, fearful, and
may find it hard to go out or to face people. Anxiety can often also
cause physical symptoms - dry mouth, sweating, shakiness, palpitations,
breathlessness, stomach churning and diarrhoea.<br />
<h2 id="nav-5">
Is depression really different for men?</h2>
<h3>
Different symptoms</h3>
There
doesn't seem to be a completely separate type of ‘male depression’.
However, some symptoms are more common in men than in women. These
include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Irritability</li>
<li>Sudden anger</li>
<li>Increased loss of control</li>
<li>Greater risk-taking</li>
<li>Aggression</li>
</ul>
Men are also more likely to commit suicide.<br />
<h3>
Different ways of coping</h3>
Men
are diagnosed with depression less than women, but do seem to drink and
use illegal drugs more heavily than women. It may be that, instead of
talking, men use drugs and alcohol as 'self-medication' to cope with
their depression.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-52489560277681607872013-12-05T05:33:00.000+06:002013-12-05T06:17:12.659+06:00Alpha-blockers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="আলফা ব্লকার প্রধানত হাইপারটেনশন (উচ্চ রক্তচাপ) চিকিত্সা ব্যবহৃত হয় ওষুধ, এবং প্রস্টেট গ্রন্থি পরিবর্ধন যারা পুরুষদের মধ্যে প্রস্রাব ক্ষণস্থায়ী সঙ্গে সমস্যা হয়.">Alpha
blockers , mainly hypertension ( high blood pressure ) is a drug used
to treat , and enlargement of the prostate gland in men who are having
problems with passing urine . </span><span title="আপনি উচ্চ রক্তচাপ আছে - সবচেয়ে অন্যান্য ওষুধ চেষ্টা করা হয়েছে পরে আলফা ব্লকার সাধারণত নির্ধারিত হয়.">If you have high blood pressure - most other drugs have been tried, the alpha blockers are commonly prescribed . </span><span title="আপনি (কারণ একটি বৃদ্ধ প্রস্টেট এর) প্রস্রাব ক্ষণস্থায়ী সমস্যা থাকে, আলফা ব্লকার শুরু সিদ্ধান্ত আপনি উপসর্গ দ্বারা বিরক্ত হয় কত উপর নির্ভর করে.">You
( because of an enlarged prostate ) have problems passing urine , alpha
blockers to start depends on how much you are bothered by symptoms . </span><span title="পার্শ্ব প্রতিক্রিয়া (অসম্মান চটকা, মাথাব্যথা, এবং মাথা ঘোরা) অসাধারণ.">Side effects ( slight drowsiness, headaches , and dizziness ) Excellent . </span><span title="তারা চিকিত্সার প্রথম দুই সপ্তাহের মধ্যে ঘটতে করার সম্ভাবনা বেশি, এবং সাধারণত তাদের নিজস্ব দূরে যেতে.">They are more likely to occur in the first two weeks of treatment , and usually go away on their own .</span></span><br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-1">
How do alpha-blockers work?</h2>
Alpha-blockers work by
blocking the transmission of certain nerve impulses. The ends of some
nerves release a chemical (neurotransmitter) called noradrenaline when
the nerve is stimulated. This chemical then stimulates alpha-adrenergic
receptors. These receptors are tiny structures which occur on cells in
various parts of the body including the heart, smooth muscle, and blood
vessels. When these receptors are stimulated, they cause various
effects.<br />
The alpha-blocker medicine attaches to alpha-adrenergic
receptors and so stops (blocks) the receptor from being stimulated. This
can have various effects in the body which include:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>For hypertension</b>:
alpha blockers work by relaxing blood vessels. This allows blood and
oxygen to circulate more freely around your body, lowering blood
pressure and reducing strain on your heart.</li>
<li><b>For prostate gland enlargement</b>: alpha-blockers work by relaxing the muscles around your bladder and prostate so that you can pass urine more easily.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nav-2">
When are alpha-blockers usually prescribed?</h2>
<b>For hypertension</b>:
alpha-blockers are usually prescribed after most other medicines have
been tried. Alpha-blockers are normally only started by doctors who
specialise in treating hypertension and only if:<br />
<ul>
<li>Other
medicines such as beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors or diuretics (water tablets) are not working. They may be
used as well as these other medicines.</li>
<li>There is a reason you cannot take a beta-blocker, an ACE inhibitor, or a diuretic.</li>
</ul>
Having
hypertension increases your risk of having a heart attack, a stroke,
diabetes, or heart failure. There are more studies which show that
medicines such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics are
better than alpha-blockers at lowering the risk of having these
conditions.<br />
<b>For prostate gland enlargement</b>: the
decision to start alpha-blockers depends on how much you are bothered by
the symptoms. For example, you may be glad for some treatment if you
are woken six times a night, every night, with an urgent need to go to
the toilet. On the other hand, slight hesitancy when you go to the
toilet, and getting up once a night to pass urine may cause little
problem and not need treatment. Your doctor will help you decide if this
treatment is right for you.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-0">
What are alpha-blockers?</h2>
Alpha-blockers are
medicines that are mainly used to treat hypertension (high blood
pressure), and problems with passing urine in men who have enlargement
of the prostate gland. Prostate gland enlargement is also called benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). An enlarged prostate can cause problems
with passing urine, such as having to wait before your urine starts to
flow, taking longer at the toilet, dribbling, and a feeling that your
bladder is not quite empty. In the past, some alpha-blockers were also
used to treat heart failure and Raynaud's phenomenon.
However, they are very rarely used to treat these conditions now
because there are other medicines that are thought to work better for
these conditions.<br />
There are six alpha-blockers available to
prescribe in the UK. They are: alfuzosin, doxazosin, indoramin,
prazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin. Alpha-blockers come as tablets or
capsules which may be taken once a day or up to three times a day. They
come in various brand names.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-5">
What is the usual length of treatment?</h2>
Most people
with hypertension need to take medication for life. However, in some
people whose blood pressure has been well-controlled for three years or
more, medication may be able to be stopped. In particular, in people who
have made significant changes to lifestyle (such as having lost a lot
of weight, or having stopped heavy drinking, etc). Your doctor can
advise you.<br />
For people with symptoms caused by prostate gland
enlargement, alpha-blockers are also usually taken long-term. Your
doctor will usually review your symptoms every 4-6 weeks after you start
treatment. Once your symptoms have settled down, your treatment is
usually reviewed every year. This is to make sure it is still working.<br />
<h2 id="nav-6">
Taking other medicines</h2>
There are a number of medicines that should usually be avoided if you also take an alpha-blocker. These include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors - for example, sildenafil (trade name Viagra®).</li>
<li>Antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (for example, amitriptyline), mirtazapine, or venlafaxine.</li>
</ul>
When these medicines are combined with an alpha-blocker, you may get postural hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure).<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-10">
How to use the Yellow Card Scheme</h2>
If you think
you have had a side-effect to one of your medicines, you can report this
on the Yellow Card Scheme. You can do this online at the following web
address: <a href="http://www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard</a>.<br />
The
Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses
aware of any new side-effects that your medicines may have caused. If
you wish to report a side-effect, you will need to provide basic
information about:<br />
<ul>
<li>The side-effect.</li>
<li>The name of the medicine which you think caused it.</li>
<li>Information about the person who had the side-effect.</li>
<li>Your contact details as the reporter of the side-effect.</li>
</ul>
It is helpful if you have your medication and/or the leaflet that came with it with you while you fill out the report.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-74348124685305377972013-12-05T04:48:00.001+06:002013-12-05T06:19:09.363+06:00Testicular Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Testicular ক্যান্সারের সাধারণ প্রাথমিক উপসর্গ একটি শুক্রাশয় মধ্যে যে বিকাশ একটি যন্ত্রণাহীন ফুলে যায়."></span><br /></span>
<h2 id="nav-0">
What are the testes?</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<a href="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/154.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Male Reproductive Organs" border="0" class="left" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/154.gif" title="" /></a></div>
<div class="asset-image rs_skip rs_hidden">
<img alt="Cross-section diagram of a testis" class="none" src="http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/146.gif" title="" /></div>
</div>
The
testes hang down behind the penis and make sperm. It is normal for one
testis to be slightly bigger than the other, and for one to hang
slightly lower than the other. The testes themselves feel like smooth,
soft balls inside the baggy scrotum. At the top and to the back of each
testis is the epididymis (this stores the sperm). This feels like a soft
swelling attached to the testis, and can be quite tender if you press
it firmly.<br />
<br />
Leading from the epidermis is the vars defer ens. You
can feel each vars deference at each side at the back and top of the
scrotum. They feel like soft, narrow tubes which pass up and into the
groin. (The vas defer ens carries the sperm to the penis.) Some people
confuse the normal epidermis or vas deference with an abnormal lump.<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-2">
What is testicular cancer?</h2>
Testicular cancer is a
cancer that arises from a testis. Around half of all cases occur in men
under 35 but testicular cancer rarely occurs before puberty. It is the
most common cancer in men aged 15-44 years. There are about 2,000 new
cases in the UK each year.<br />
<br />
Almost all testicular cancers are
classed as germ cell cancers as the cells which become cancerous are
those involved with making sperm. Germ cell testicular cancers are
divided into two main types (depending on the exact type of cell causing
the cancer):<br />
<ul>
<li>Seminomas which occur in about half of cases. They most commonly occur in men aged between 25 and 55 years.</li>
<li>Non-seminomas
(sometimes called non-seminomatous germ cell tumours or NSGCTs).
Non-seminomas usually affect men aged between 15 and 35 years.</li>
</ul>
Non-germ cell testicular cancers are rare. The rest of this leaflet deals only with germ cell testicular cancers.<br />
<h2 id="nav-3">
What causes testicular cancer?</h2>
A
cancerous tumour starts from one abnormal cell. The exact reason why a
cell becomes cancerous is unclear. It is thought that something damages
or alters certain genes in the cell. This makes the cell abnormal and
multiply out of control. (See separate leaflet called <i>'Cancer - What Causes Cancer?'</i> for more detail.)<br />
<br />
In
many cases, testicular cancer develops for no apparent reason. However,
certain risk factors increase the chance that testicular cancer may
develop. These include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Geography. The highest rate of
testicular cancer occurs in white men in northern Europe. So, some
genetic or environmental factor may be involved.</li>
<li>Family history. Brothers and sons of affected men have an increased risk.</li>
<li>Undescended
testes. The testes develop in the abdomen and usually descend into the
scrotum before birth. Some babies are born with one or both testes which
have not come down into the scrotum. This can be fixed by a small
operation. There is a large increased risk in men who have not had their descended testis surgically fixed. There is still some increased risk
in men who had an undescended testis fixed when they were a baby.</li>
<li>Infertility. Infertile men with an abnormal sperm count have a slight increased risk.</li>
<li>Klinefelter's syndrome.</li>
<li>HIV/AIDS. Men who have HIV or AIDS have an increased risk.</li>
</ul>
Vasectomy
does not increase the risk of testicular cancer. (Several years ago
there was a scare linking vasectomy with testicular cancer. Studies have
ruled out this link.)<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h2 id="nav-1">
What is cancer?</h2>
Cancer is a disease of the cells
in the body. The body is made up from millions of tiny cells. There are
many different types of cell in the body, and there are many different
types of cancer which arise from different types of cell. What all types
of cancer have in common is that the cancer cells are abnormal and
multiply out of control.<br />
<br />
A malignant tumour is a lump or growth
of tissue made up from cancer cells which continue to multiply.
Malignant tumours invade into nearby tissues and organs, which can cause
damage. Malignant tumours may also spread to other parts of the body.
This happens if some cells break off from the first (primary) tumour and
are carried in the bloodstream or lymph channels to other parts of the
body. These small groups of cells may then multiply to form secondary
tumours (metastases) in one or more parts of the body. These secondary
tumours may then grow, invade and damage nearby tissues, and spread
again.<br />
<br />
Some cancers are more serious than others. Some are more
easily treated than others (particularly if diagnosed at an early
stage). Some have a better outlook (prognosis) than others. So, cancer
is not just one condition. In each case it is important to know what
type of cancer has developed, how large it has become, and whether it
has spread. This will enable you to get reliable information on
treatment options and outlook. (See leaflet called <i>'Cancer - What are Cancer and Tumours?'</i> for details about cancer in general.)<br />
<br />
<h2 id="nav-7">
What is the prognosis (outlook)?</h2>
The outlook is
usually very good. Treatment for testicular cancer is usually
successful. During the last 40 years, testicular cancer has become a
curable cancer in over 95% of cases.<br />
<ul>
<li>If your testicular
cancer is diagnosed and treated at an early stage, you can expect to be
cured. Most testicular cancers are diagnosed at an early stage.</li>
<li>Even
if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, there is still a
good chance of a cure. For testicular cancer that has spread to other
parts of the body, the chance of being cured is much higher than for
many other types of cancers which have spread. This is because the
cancerous cells of testicular cancer often respond well to chemotherapy.</li>
</ul>
The
treatment of cancer is a developing area of medicine. New treatments
continue to be developed and the information on outlook above is very
general. You should ask the specialist who knows your case about your
particular outlook.<br />
<h2 id="nav-8">
Detecting testicular cancer early</h2>
Young
men and teenage boys should get to know how their testes normally feel.
Report any changes or lumps to your doctor. (See separate leaflet
called <i>'Testes - Get To Know Yours'</i> for more detail on how to check for testicular cancer.)<br />
<h2 id="nav-9">
Further help and information</h2>
<h3>
Macmillan Cancer Support</h3>
Tel: 0808 800 1234 Web: <a href="http://www.macmillan.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.macmillan.org.uk</a><br />
They provide information and support to anyone affected by cancer.<br />
<h3>
CancerHelp UK</h3>
Web: http://cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org/ provides facts about cancer, including treatment choices.<br />
<h3>
Orchid</h3>
A charity that focuses entirely on the male-specific cancers: prostate, penile and testicular.<br />
Website: <a href="http://www.orchid-cancer.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.orchid-cancer.org.uk</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-34197822019734380762013-12-01T01:04:00.005+06:002013-12-05T06:21:24.533+06:00Antiviral Medication for Genital Herpes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="জেনিটাল হারপিস একটি যৌনাঙ্গ এর সংক্রমণ (পুরুষদের মধ্যে শিশ্ন, স্ত্রীযোনিদ্বার এবং মহিলাদের যোনি) এবং ত্বকের পার্শ্ববর্তী এলাকা.">Genital herpes infections of the genitals ( penis in men , women vulva and vagina ) and skin surrounding area. </span><span title="এটা হারপিস সরল ভাইরাস দ্বারা ঘটিত হয়.">It is caused by herpes simplex virus . </span><span title="যেমন aciclovir, famciclovir, এবং valaciclovir হিসাবে রোগাদির বীজনাশক ওষুধ যৌনাঙ্গে হারপিস সংক্রমণের চিকিত্সা ব্যবহৃত হয়.">Such as aciclovir, famciclovir, and valaciclovir are used as antiviral drugs to treat genital herpes infection . </span><span title="তারা শরীর থেকে ভাইরাস মুছে ফেলা না এবং কিছু লোক (আবার এবং আবার ফিরে আসা) আবৃত্ত হয় যে সংক্রমণ আছে.">They
do not remove the virus from the body , and some people ( to come back
again and again ) are infections that are recurring . </span><span title="তারা উপসর্গ সময়কাল এবং তীব্রতা হ্রাস করা, যা গুন থেকে ভাইরাস বাঁধন দ্বারা কাজ.">They will reduce the duration and intensity of symptoms , which works by stopping the virus from multiplying </span></span><br />
<h2 id="nav-0">
What is genital herpes?</h2>
Genital herpes is an
infection of the genitals (penis in men, vulva and vagina in women) and
surrounding area of skin. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus. The
buttocks and anus may also be affected.<br />
Genital herpes is usually a
sexually transmitted infection. Many people who are infected with this
virus never have symptoms, but can still pass on the infection to
others. If symptoms occur, they can range from a mild soreness to
painful blisters on the genitals (vulva, vagina or penis) and
surrounding area.<br />
This leaflet just discusses antiviral medication for genital herpes. (See separate leaflet called Genital Herpes for more general details on genital herpes infection.)</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com89tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5500290667591918098.post-38363242441229590862013-11-30T04:02:00.001+06:002013-12-05T06:23:04.675+06:00Your Anaesthetic for Aortic Surgery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="summary">
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Ise</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Royal</span> <span class="hps">College</span> <span class="hps">of</span> Britteny <span class="hps">B</span> anesthetists <span class="hps">thisa</span> <span class="hps">guide</span>. Permission <span class="hps">bitha</span> <span class="hps">useda</span> <span class="hps">dropped</span><span class="">.</span></span></div>
<h2 id="nav-0">
Introduction</h2>
<h3>
What is the aorta?</h3>
The
aorta is a large artery that carries blood from the heart to the major
organs (eg liver and kidneys). Within the abdomen, the aorta divides
into two arteries, which supply each leg with blood.<a href="http://health-bd.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_3431.html">more...</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01299155916501415360noreply@blogger.com0